A report on Burundi and Lake Tanganyika

Lake Tanganyika eastern Shore in Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

Flag of the Kingdom of Burundi (1962–1966).

Clear water lake on Lake Tanganyika in Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

Independence Square and monument in Bujumbura.

A biologist collecting samples in 2020 in the murky waters of Lake Tanganyika for a study on the diet adaptations of cichlid fishes to better understand their evolution and speciation.

Belligerents of the Second Congo War. Burundi backed the rebels.

One of the many Tanganyika cichlids is Neolamprologus brichardi. The complex behaviors of this species and its close relative N. pulcher have been studied in detail

View of the capital city Bujumbura in 2006.

The Tanganyika killifish (Lamprichthys tanganicanus) is the only member of its genus

Pierre Nkurunziza, President of Burundi in 2005–2020.

The shell of the endemic thalassoid freshwater snail Tiphobia horei with its elaborate shape and spines.

Fishing Boat in Kagongo Ward, Kigoma District

Hippos at Kibira National Park in the Northwest of Burundi

Lake Tanganyika. The black line indicates Henry Morton Stanley's route.

A proportional representation of Burundi exports, 2019

Historical development of GDP per capita

Bathybatini (E): Bathybates ferox is benthic and piscivorous, but the genus also includes pelagic species. The tribe is sometimes split in three, others being Hemibatini and Trematocarini<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meyer, Matchiner, and Salburger| year=2015| title=Lake Tanganyika—A 'Melting Pot' of Ancient and Young Cichlid Lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae)?|journal=PLOS ONE| volume=10| issue=7| doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0125043| pmid=25928886| page=e0125043| pmc=4415804| bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025043W| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Weiss2015>{{Cite journal|last=Weiss, Cotterill, and Schliewen|year=2015|title=A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=83|pages=56–71|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|pmid=25433288|pmc=4334724}}</ref>

Graphical depiction of Burundi's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories in 2009.

Benthochromini (E): Benthochromis horii was scientifically described in 2008, but has often been misidentifed as B. tricoti<ref>{{cite journal |title= Description of a new cichlid fish species of the genus Benthochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika |last1=Takahashi |journal= Journal of Fish Biology |volume= 72|issue=3 |pages= 603–613 |year=2008 |doi= 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x |first1=T.}}</ref>

Boulengerochromini (E): Boulengerochromis microlepis is one of the world's largest cichlids and only member of its tribe

Bujumbura International Airport terminal in Bujumbura

Cyphotilapiini (E): Cyphotilapia frontosa, one of only two similar species in the tribe<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Takahashi |first1= T. |last2= Nakaya |first2= K. |year= 2003 |title= New species of Cyphotilapia (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika, Africa |journal= Copeia |volume= 2003 |issue= 4 |pages= 824–832 |doi= 10.1643/ia03-148.1|s2cid= 83854866 }}</ref>

Bicycles are a popular means of transport in Burundi

Cyprichromini (E): Cyprichromis microlepidotus and other members of this tribe are open-water planktivores<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Bigirimana, C. |date=2006 |title=Cyprichromis microlepidotus |volume=2006 |page=e.T60487A12363286 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60487A12363286.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=Smith1998>Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, pp. 9-10. {{ISBN|0-7641-0615-5}}</ref>

Ectodini (E): Ophthalmotilapia nasuta (male) is sexually dimorphic, males being more colorful with longer fins and nose<ref>SeriouslyFish: Ophthalmotilapia nasuta. Retrieved 6 April 2017.</ref>

Eretmodini (E): Eretmodus cyanostictus lives near the bottom in the turbulent, coastal surf zone,<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Eretmodus | species = cyanostictus | month = April| year = 2017}}</ref> like other members of its tribe

Haplochromini: Astatotilapia burtoni is one of the few Tanganyika species, unlike other African Great Lakes where most belong to this tribe<ref name=Lowe2009>{{cite journal | last1 = Lowe-McConnell | first1 = R | year = 2009 | title = Fisheries and cichlid evolution in the African Great Lakes: progress and problems | journal = Freshwater Reviews | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 131–151 | doi=10.1608/frj-2.2.2| s2cid = 54011001 }}</ref>

Lamprologini (E): Julidochromis marlieri is popular in the aquarium trade where members of the genus are known as "Julies"<ref>SeriouslyFish: Julidochromis marlieri. Retrieved 6 April 2017.</ref>

Carolus Magnus School in Burundi. The school benefits from the campaign "Your Day for Africa" by Aktion Tagwerk.

Limnochromini (E): Gnathochromis permaxillaris is a zooplanktivore with an unusual protractile mouth<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Bigirimana, C. |date=2006 |title=Gnathochromis permaxillaris |volume=2006 |page=e.T60493A12364587 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60493A12364587.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

Perissodini (E): Perissodus microlepis, a specialized scale-eating species<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Stewart | first1 = T.A. | last2 = Albertson | first2 = R.C. | year = 2010 | title = Evolution of a unique predatory feeding apparatus: functional anatomy, development and a genetic locus for jaw laterality in Lake Tanganyika scale-eating cichlids | journal = BMC Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 1| page = 8 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7007-8-8 | pmid = 20102595 | pmc = 2828976 }}</ref>

Tilapiini: Oreochromis tanganicae is one of the most common coastal species found in local fish markets<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Ntakimazi, G. |date=2006 |title=Oreochromis tanganicae |volume=2006 |page=e.T60625A12387918 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60625A12387918.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

Tropheini (E): Tropheus moorii ("red" Chimba morph) is highly variable and the taxonomy of some of the morphs is questionable<ref>Begon, M.; and A.H. Fitter (1995). Advances in Ecological Research, vol. 26, p. 203. {{ISBN|0-12-013926-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Salzburger | last2 = Niederstätter | last3 = Brandstätter | last4 = Berger | last5 = Parson | last6 = Snoeks | last7 = Sturmbauer | year = 2006 | title = Colour-assortative mating among populations of Tropheus moorii, a cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa | journal = Proc Biol Sci | volume = 273 | issue = 1584| pages = 257–266 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3321 | pmid=16543167 | pmc=1560039}}</ref><ref>Toman, R. (1995). Tropheus Evolution In Lake Tanganyika. Cichlidworld. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</ref>

It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and southeast, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border.

- Burundi

The lake is shared among four countries—Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, and Zambia, with Tanzania (46%) and DRC (40%) possessing the majority of the lake.

- Lake Tanganyika

8 related topics with Alpha

Tanzania

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Country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region.

A 1.8-million-year-old stone chopping tool discovered at Olduvai Gorge and on display at the British Museum.

A 1572 depiction of the portuguese city of Kilwa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Battle during the Maji Maji Rebellion against German colonial rule in 1905.

Tanzania map of Köppen climate classification

The Masai giraffe is Tanzania's national animal

The semi-autonomous Zanzibar Archipelago

Tanzanian ambassador to Russia Jaka Mwambi presenting his credentials to the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Tanzanian Embassy in West End, Washington, D.C., USA

FIB Tanzanian special forces during training

A proportional representation of Tanzania exports, 2019

Historical development of real GDP per capita in Tanzania, since 1950

Nyerere Bridge in Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam

Domestic expenditure on research in Southern Africa as a percentage of GDP, 2012 or closest year. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 20.3

A Tanzanian woman cooks Pilau rice dish wearing traditional Kanga.

Farmers using a rice harvester to harvest rice in Igunga District, Tanzania

Example of a World Food Programme parcel

Researchers (HC) in Southern Africa per million inhabitants, 2013 or closest year

Scientific publications per million inhabitants in SADC countries in 2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report (2015), data from Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded

A carved door with Arabic calligraphy in Zanzibar

Nkrumah Hall at the University of Dar es Salaam

Judith Wambura (Lady Jaydee) is a popular Bongo Flava recording singer.

St Joseph's Catholic cathedral, Zanzibar

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in Arusha

East African Legislative Assembly in Arusha

It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west.

These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas.

African Great Lakes

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The African Great Lakes (Maziwa Makuu, Ibiyaga bigari) are a series of lakes constituting the part of the Rift Valley lakes in and around the East African Rift.

The African Great Lakes system, in blue.

Map of larger region including the East African Rift and the entire so-called Great Rift Valley

They include Lake Victoria, the second-largest fresh water lake in the world by area, Lake Tanganyika, the world's second-largest freshwater lake by volume and depth, and Lake Malawi, the world's eighth-largest fresh water lake by area.

Riparian countries in the African Great Lakes region include: Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Zambia, Tanzania, and Uganda.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Country in Central Africa.

View of Leopoldville Station and Port in 1884

1908 photograph of a married Christian couple.

Force Publique soldiers in the Belgian Congo in 1918. At its peak, the Force Publique had around 19,000 Congolese soldiers, led by 420 Belgian officers.

The leader of ABAKO, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, first democratically elected President of Congo-Léopoldville

Patrice Lumumba, first democratically elected Prime Minister of the Congo-Léopoldville, was murdered by Belgian-supported Katangan separatists in 1961

Mobutu Sese Seko and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973.

Mobutu with the Dutch Prince Bernhard in Kinshasa in 1973

People fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebel groups, North Kivu, 2012

Government troops near Goma during the M23 rebellion in May 2013

DR Congo's President Félix Tshisekedi with neighbouring Congolese President Denis Sassou Nguesso in 2020; both wear face masks due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

The map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo map of Köppen climate classification

Mount Nyiragongo, which last erupted in 2021.

Joseph Kabila was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from January 2001 to January 2019.

President Joseph Kabila with U.S. President Barack Obama in August 2014

FARDC soldiers on patrol in Ituri province

A group of demobilized child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

A proportional representation of Democratic Republic of the Congo exports, 2019

Change in per capita GDP of Congo, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

Rough diamonds ≈1 to 1.5 mm in size from DR Congo.

DR Congo's Human Development Index scores, 1970–2010.

Train from Lubumbashi arriving in Kindu on a newly refurbished line.

Kongo youth and adults in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Family in Rutshuru, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

The population pyramid of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

A classroom in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Development of life expectancy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Population fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebels groups, Sake North Kivu 30 April 2012

The Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi

The DRC is located in sub-Saharan Africa, bordered to the northwest by the Republic of the Congo, to the north by the Central African Republic, to the northeast by South Sudan, to the east by Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi, and by Tanzania (across Lake Tanganyika), to the south and southeast by Zambia, to the southwest by Angola, and to the west by the South Atlantic Ocean and the Cabinda exclave of Angola.

Lake Victoria

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One of the African Great Lakes.

Victoria Nyanza. The black line indicates Stanley's route.

Unlike many other Lake Victoria cichlids, Haplochromis nyererei remains common. Compared to several other cichlids, its eyes are particularly sensitive to light, especially red, which is less affected by the decrease in water clarity caused by eutrophication than short wavelength colors

Haplochromis thereuterion survives in low numbers. Initially feared extinct, when rediscovered it had changed habitat (from near surface to rocky outcrops) and feeding behavior (from surface insects to insect larvae)

Fishers and their boats on the shore of Lake Victoria

The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria for fishing, and can reach up to 2 m and 200 kg.

A hyacinth-choked lakeshore at Ndere Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya.

The lake as it is visible from the shores of the Speke Resort in Kampala, Uganda

The Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station in Njeru, Uganda.

However, the most distal source of the Nile Basin, and therefore the ultimate source of the Nile, is more often considered to be one of the tributary rivers of the Kagera River (the exact tributary remains undetermined), and which originates in either Rwanda or Burundi.

Burton, who had been recovering from illness at the time and resting further south on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, was outraged that Speke claimed to have proved his discovery to have been the true source of the Nile River, which Burton regarded as still unsettled.

Albertine Rift

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Map of the region showing the Albertine Rift to the west

Mount Stanley in the Rwenzori range. With an elevation of 5,109 m (16,763 ft), it is the tallest mountain in the Albertine Rift and the third tallest in Africa.

The Albertine Rift is the western branch of the East African Rift, covering parts of Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania.

It extends from the northern end of Lake Albert to the southern end of Lake Tanganyika.

German East Africa

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Green: German East Africa Dark gray: Other German possessions Darkest gray: German Empire (1911 borders)

Askari soldiers under German command, 1896

1 rupee, German East Africa, 1902. Silver 917.

A World War I memorial in Iringa, Tanzania

The Portuguese were flanked by the Germans, while encamped at Ngomano on 25 November 1917.

Historical map of the German East African coast, 1888

Historical map of German East Africa, 1892

Historical map of German East Africa, 1911

Map of the East African Theater in World War I

Classroom in a German East African school, {{circa|March 1914}}

Usambara Railway, built in German East Africa

German colonial volunteer mounted patrol, 1914

German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika) (GEA) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozambique.

The final link to the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika was completed in July 1914 and was cause for a huge and festive celebration in the capital with an agricultural fair and trade exhibition.

Nile

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Major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa.

The Blue Nile Falls fed by Lake Tana near the city of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm

Map of Nile tributaries in modern Sudan, showing the Yellow Nile

Reconstruction of the Oikoumene (inhabited world), an ancient map based on Herodotus' description of the world, circa 450 BC

An aerial view of irrigation from the Nile River supporting agriculture in Luxor, Egypt

A felucca traversing the Nile near Aswan

John Hanning Speke c. 1863. Speke was the Victorian explorer who first reached Lake Victoria in 1858, returning to establish it as the source of the Nile by 1862.

A map of the Nile c. 1911, a time when its entire primary course ran through British occupations, condominiums, colonies, and protectorates

The confluence of the Kagera and Ruvubu rivers near Rusumo Falls, part of the Nile's upper reaches

The Nile passes through Cairo, Egypt's capital city.

Hydropower dams in the Nile (plus huge dam under construction in Ethiopia)

View of the Qasr El Nil Bridge in Cairo, with Gezira Island in the background

Henry Morton Stanley in 1872. Stanley circumnavigated the lake and confirmed Speke's observations in 1875.

Composite satellite image of the White Nile

A river boat crossing the Nile in Uganda

Murchison Falls in Uganda, between Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga

The Nile at Dendera, as seen from the SPOT satellite

The Nile flows through Cairo, here contrasting ancient customs of daily life with the modern city of today.

About 6650 km long, its drainage basin covers eleven countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan, and Egypt.

Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its course in Rwanda.

Kigoma

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The Kigoma rail station during the day time.

Kigoma is a city and lake port in Kigoma-Ujiji District in Tanzania, on the northeastern shores of Lake Tanganyika and close to the border with Burundi and The Democratic Republic of the Congo.