A report on Tanzania and Burundi

Flag of the Kingdom of Burundi (1962–1966).

A 1.8-million-year-old stone chopping tool discovered at Olduvai Gorge and on display at the British Museum.

Independence Square and monument in Bujumbura.

Belligerents of the Second Congo War. Burundi backed the rebels.

A 1572 depiction of the portuguese city of Kilwa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

View of the capital city Bujumbura in 2006.

Pierre Nkurunziza, President of Burundi in 2005–2020.

Battle during the Maji Maji Rebellion against German colonial rule in 1905.

Hippos at Kibira National Park in the Northwest of Burundi

Tanzania map of Köppen climate classification

A proportional representation of Burundi exports, 2019

The Masai giraffe is Tanzania's national animal

Historical development of GDP per capita

The semi-autonomous Zanzibar Archipelago

Graphical depiction of Burundi's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories in 2009.

Tanzanian ambassador to Russia Jaka Mwambi presenting his credentials to the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev

Bujumbura International Airport terminal in Bujumbura

Tanzanian Embassy in West End, Washington, D.C., USA

Bicycles are a popular means of transport in Burundi

FIB Tanzanian special forces during training

A proportional representation of Tanzania exports, 2019

Historical development of real GDP per capita in Tanzania, since 1950

Nyerere Bridge in Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam

Carolus Magnus School in Burundi. The school benefits from the campaign "Your Day for Africa" by Aktion Tagwerk.

Domestic expenditure on research in Southern Africa as a percentage of GDP, 2012 or closest year. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 20.3

A Tanzanian woman cooks Pilau rice dish wearing traditional Kanga.

Farmers using a rice harvester to harvest rice in Igunga District, Tanzania

Example of a World Food Programme parcel

Researchers (HC) in Southern Africa per million inhabitants, 2013 or closest year

Scientific publications per million inhabitants in SADC countries in 2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report (2015), data from Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded

A carved door with Arabic calligraphy in Zanzibar

Nkrumah Hall at the University of Dar es Salaam

Judith Wambura (Lady Jaydee) is a popular Bongo Flava recording singer.

St Joseph's Catholic cathedral, Zanzibar

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in Arusha

East African Legislative Assembly in Arusha

It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west.

- Tanzania

It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and southeast, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border.

- Burundi

12 related topics with Alpha

Rwanda

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Landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge.

A reconstruction of the ancient King's Palace at Nyanza

Juvénal Habyarimana, president from 1973 to 1994

Human skulls at the Nyamata Genocide Memorial

The Kagera and Ruvubu rivers, part of the upper Nile

Lake and volcano in the Virunga Mountains

Volcanoes National Park is the home of the largest population of Mountain Gorillas in the world.

Estimated development of real GDP per capita in Rwanda, since 1950

Coffee beans drying in Maraba. Coffee is one of Rwanda's major cash crops.

Mountain gorillas in Volcanoes National Park

Children in a Rwandan primary school, using laptops supplied by the One Laptop Per Child program

Butaro Hospital at Burera, Northern Province

Historical development of life expectancy in Rwanda

Adrien Niyonshuti, "one of the most famous people in Rwanda", competing in the cross-country mountain biking event at the 2012 Summer Olympics

Graphical depiction of Rwanda's product exports.

Rwanda produced 2.6 million tons of banana in 2019, its largest cash crop.

Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Country in Central Africa.

View of Leopoldville Station and Port in 1884

1908 photograph of a married Christian couple.

Force Publique soldiers in the Belgian Congo in 1918. At its peak, the Force Publique had around 19,000 Congolese soldiers, led by 420 Belgian officers.

The leader of ABAKO, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, first democratically elected President of Congo-Léopoldville

Patrice Lumumba, first democratically elected Prime Minister of the Congo-Léopoldville, was murdered by Belgian-supported Katangan separatists in 1961

Mobutu Sese Seko and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973.

Mobutu with the Dutch Prince Bernhard in Kinshasa in 1973

People fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebel groups, North Kivu, 2012

Government troops near Goma during the M23 rebellion in May 2013

DR Congo's President Félix Tshisekedi with neighbouring Congolese President Denis Sassou Nguesso in 2020; both wear face masks due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

The map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo map of Köppen climate classification

Mount Nyiragongo, which last erupted in 2021.

Joseph Kabila was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from January 2001 to January 2019.

President Joseph Kabila with U.S. President Barack Obama in August 2014

FARDC soldiers on patrol in Ituri province

A group of demobilized child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

A proportional representation of Democratic Republic of the Congo exports, 2019

Change in per capita GDP of Congo, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

Rough diamonds ≈1 to 1.5 mm in size from DR Congo.

DR Congo's Human Development Index scores, 1970–2010.

Train from Lubumbashi arriving in Kindu on a newly refurbished line.

Kongo youth and adults in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Family in Rutshuru, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

The population pyramid of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

A classroom in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Development of life expectancy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Population fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebels groups, Sake North Kivu 30 April 2012

The Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi

The DRC is located in sub-Saharan Africa, bordered to the northwest by the Republic of the Congo, to the north by the Central African Republic, to the northeast by South Sudan, to the east by Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi, and by Tanzania (across Lake Tanganyika), to the south and southeast by Zambia, to the southwest by Angola, and to the west by the South Atlantic Ocean and the Cabinda exclave of Angola.

Swahili in Arabic script—memorial plate at the Askari Monument, Dar es Salaam (1927)

Swahili language

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Native language of the Waswahili who are found along the East African coast and litoral islands .

Although originally written with the Arabic script, Swahili is now written in a Latin alphabet introduced by Christian missionaries and colonial administrators. The text shown here is the Catholic version of the Lord's Prayer.

Swahili in Arabic script on the clothes of a girl in German East Africa (ca. early 1900s)

Loxodonta africana elephants frolic in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, 2012.

Due to concerted efforts by the government of Tanzania, Swahili is one of three official languages (the others being English and French) of the East African Community (EAC) countries, namely Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.

African Great Lakes

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The African Great Lakes (Maziwa Makuu, Ibiyaga bigari) are a series of lakes constituting the part of the Rift Valley lakes in and around the East African Rift.

The African Great Lakes system, in blue.

Map of larger region including the East African Rift and the entire so-called Great Rift Valley

Riparian countries in the African Great Lakes region include: Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Zambia, Tanzania, and Uganda.

East African Community

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From left to right: President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda, President Mwai Kibaki of Kenya, and President Jakaya Kikwete of Tanzania during the eighth EAC summit in Arusha, November 2006.

EAC heads in 2009. From left to right: Yoweri Museveni (Uganda), Mwai Kibaki (Kenya), Paul Kagame (Rwanda), Jakaya Kikwete (Tanzania), Pierre Nkurunziza (Burundi).

Rwandan President Paul Kagame at the 2006 EAC summit. Rwanda joined the EAC on 1 July 2007.

Three EAC countries border Lake Victoria.

Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's tallest peak, located in Tanzania.

{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Democratic Republic of the Congo

The East African Community (EAC) is an intergovernmental organisation composed of seven countries in the Great Lakes region of East Africa: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United Republic of Tanzania, the Republics of Kenya, Burundi, Rwanda, South Sudan, and Uganda.

Lake Tanganyika

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African Great Lake.

Lake Tanganyika eastern Shore in Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

Clear water lake on Lake Tanganyika in Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania

A biologist collecting samples in 2020 in the murky waters of Lake Tanganyika for a study on the diet adaptations of cichlid fishes to better understand their evolution and speciation.

One of the many Tanganyika cichlids is Neolamprologus brichardi. The complex behaviors of this species and its close relative N. pulcher have been studied in detail

The Tanganyika killifish (Lamprichthys tanganicanus) is the only member of its genus

The shell of the endemic thalassoid freshwater snail Tiphobia horei with its elaborate shape and spines.

Fishing Boat in Kagongo Ward, Kigoma District

Lake Tanganyika. The black line indicates Henry Morton Stanley's route.

Bathybatini (E): Bathybates ferox is benthic and piscivorous, but the genus also includes pelagic species. The tribe is sometimes split in three, others being Hemibatini and Trematocarini<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meyer, Matchiner, and Salburger| year=2015| title=Lake Tanganyika—A 'Melting Pot' of Ancient and Young Cichlid Lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae)?|journal=PLOS ONE| volume=10| issue=7| doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0125043| pmid=25928886| page=e0125043| pmc=4415804| bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025043W| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Weiss2015>{{Cite journal|last=Weiss, Cotterill, and Schliewen|year=2015|title=A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=83|pages=56–71|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|pmid=25433288|pmc=4334724}}</ref>

Benthochromini (E): Benthochromis horii was scientifically described in 2008, but has often been misidentifed as B. tricoti<ref>{{cite journal |title= Description of a new cichlid fish species of the genus Benthochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika |last1=Takahashi |journal= Journal of Fish Biology |volume= 72|issue=3 |pages= 603–613 |year=2008 |doi= 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x |first1=T.}}</ref>

Boulengerochromini (E): Boulengerochromis microlepis is one of the world's largest cichlids and only member of its tribe

Cyphotilapiini (E): Cyphotilapia frontosa, one of only two similar species in the tribe<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Takahashi |first1= T. |last2= Nakaya |first2= K. |year= 2003 |title= New species of Cyphotilapia (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika, Africa |journal= Copeia |volume= 2003 |issue= 4 |pages= 824–832 |doi= 10.1643/ia03-148.1|s2cid= 83854866 }}</ref>

Cyprichromini (E): Cyprichromis microlepidotus and other members of this tribe are open-water planktivores<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Bigirimana, C. |date=2006 |title=Cyprichromis microlepidotus |volume=2006 |page=e.T60487A12363286 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60487A12363286.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=Smith1998>Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, pp. 9-10. {{ISBN|0-7641-0615-5}}</ref>

Ectodini (E): Ophthalmotilapia nasuta (male) is sexually dimorphic, males being more colorful with longer fins and nose<ref>SeriouslyFish: Ophthalmotilapia nasuta. Retrieved 6 April 2017.</ref>

Eretmodini (E): Eretmodus cyanostictus lives near the bottom in the turbulent, coastal surf zone,<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Eretmodus | species = cyanostictus | month = April| year = 2017}}</ref> like other members of its tribe

Haplochromini: Astatotilapia burtoni is one of the few Tanganyika species, unlike other African Great Lakes where most belong to this tribe<ref name=Lowe2009>{{cite journal | last1 = Lowe-McConnell | first1 = R | year = 2009 | title = Fisheries and cichlid evolution in the African Great Lakes: progress and problems | journal = Freshwater Reviews | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 131–151 | doi=10.1608/frj-2.2.2| s2cid = 54011001 }}</ref>

Lamprologini (E): Julidochromis marlieri is popular in the aquarium trade where members of the genus are known as "Julies"<ref>SeriouslyFish: Julidochromis marlieri. Retrieved 6 April 2017.</ref>

Limnochromini (E): Gnathochromis permaxillaris is a zooplanktivore with an unusual protractile mouth<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Bigirimana, C. |date=2006 |title=Gnathochromis permaxillaris |volume=2006 |page=e.T60493A12364587 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60493A12364587.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

Perissodini (E): Perissodus microlepis, a specialized scale-eating species<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Stewart | first1 = T.A. | last2 = Albertson | first2 = R.C. | year = 2010 | title = Evolution of a unique predatory feeding apparatus: functional anatomy, development and a genetic locus for jaw laterality in Lake Tanganyika scale-eating cichlids | journal = BMC Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 1| page = 8 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7007-8-8 | pmid = 20102595 | pmc = 2828976 }}</ref>

Tilapiini: Oreochromis tanganicae is one of the most common coastal species found in local fish markets<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Ntakimazi, G. |date=2006 |title=Oreochromis tanganicae |volume=2006 |page=e.T60625A12387918 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60625A12387918.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

Tropheini (E): Tropheus moorii ("red" Chimba morph) is highly variable and the taxonomy of some of the morphs is questionable<ref>Begon, M.; and A.H. Fitter (1995). Advances in Ecological Research, vol. 26, p. 203. {{ISBN|0-12-013926-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Salzburger | last2 = Niederstätter | last3 = Brandstätter | last4 = Berger | last5 = Parson | last6 = Snoeks | last7 = Sturmbauer | year = 2006 | title = Colour-assortative mating among populations of Tropheus moorii, a cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa | journal = Proc Biol Sci | volume = 273 | issue = 1584| pages = 257–266 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3321 | pmid=16543167 | pmc=1560039}}</ref><ref>Toman, R. (1995). Tropheus Evolution In Lake Tanganyika. Cichlidworld. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</ref>

The lake is shared among four countries—Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, and Zambia, with Tanzania (46%) and DRC (40%) possessing the majority of the lake.

Image of the region between Lake Victoria (on the right) and Lakes Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika (from north to south) showing dense vegetation (bright green) and fires (red).

East Africa

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Eastern subregion of the African continent.

The Bab-el-Mandeb crossing in the Red Sea: now some 12 miles (20 km) wide, narrower in prehistory.

Early Iron Age findings in East and Southern Africa

Due to the historical Omani Empire and colonial territories of the British East Africa Protectorate and German East Africa, the term East Africa is often (especially in the English language) used to specifically refer to the area now comprising the three countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.

Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo and South Sudan are members of the East African Community. The first five are also included in the African Great Lakes region. Burundi and Rwanda are at times also considered to be part of Central Africa.

Lake Victoria

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One of the African Great Lakes.

Victoria Nyanza. The black line indicates Stanley's route.

Unlike many other Lake Victoria cichlids, Haplochromis nyererei remains common. Compared to several other cichlids, its eyes are particularly sensitive to light, especially red, which is less affected by the decrease in water clarity caused by eutrophication than short wavelength colors

Haplochromis thereuterion survives in low numbers. Initially feared extinct, when rediscovered it had changed habitat (from near surface to rocky outcrops) and feeding behavior (from surface insects to insect larvae)

Fishers and their boats on the shore of Lake Victoria

The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria for fishing, and can reach up to 2 m and 200 kg.

A hyacinth-choked lakeshore at Ndere Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya.

The lake as it is visible from the shores of the Speke Resort in Kampala, Uganda

The Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station in Njeru, Uganda.

The lake's area is divided among three countries: Kenya occupies 6% (4,100 km2), Uganda 45% (31,000 km2), and Tanzania 49% (33,700 km2).

However, the most distal source of the Nile Basin, and therefore the ultimate source of the Nile, is more often considered to be one of the tributary rivers of the Kagera River (the exact tributary remains undetermined), and which originates in either Rwanda or Burundi.

German East Africa

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Green: German East Africa Dark gray: Other German possessions Darkest gray: German Empire (1911 borders)

Askari soldiers under German command, 1896

1 rupee, German East Africa, 1902. Silver 917.

A World War I memorial in Iringa, Tanzania

The Portuguese were flanked by the Germans, while encamped at Ngomano on 25 November 1917.

Historical map of the German East African coast, 1888

Historical map of German East Africa, 1892

Historical map of German East Africa, 1911

Map of the East African Theater in World War I

Classroom in a German East African school, {{circa|March 1914}}

Usambara Railway, built in German East Africa

German colonial volunteer mounted patrol, 1914

German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika) (GEA) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozambique.

Arusha

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Mount Meru in the background of the city of Arusha.

TUN International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, Arusha.

The Cathedral of Arusha (Catholic Church)

The Arusha Lutheran Medical Center in downtown Arusha.

Arusha City is a Tanzanian city and the regional capital of the Arusha Region, with a population of 416,442 plus 323,198 in the surrounding Arusha Rural District (2012 census).

The Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi was signed on 28 August 2000 as part of a process forging peace in that country through power sharing and establishing a transitional government.