# Calculus and Mathematical analysis

Analysis evolved from calculus, which involves the elementary concepts and techniques of analysis.

- Mathematical analysis

In mathematics education, calculus denotes courses of elementary mathematical analysis, which are mainly devoted to the study of functions and limits.

- Calculus

14 related topics

## Mathematics

Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes such topics as numbers (arithmetic and number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and the spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantities and their changes (calculus and analysis).

## Continuous function

Function such that a continuous variation of the argument induces a continuous variation of the value of the function.

Function such that a continuous variation of the argument induces a continuous variation of the value of the function.

Continuity is one of the core concepts of calculus and mathematical analysis, where arguments and values of functions are real and complex numbers.

## Geometry

Geometry is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics.

Geometry is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics.

This was a necessary precursor to the development of calculus and a precise quantitative science of physics.

Two of the master geometers of the time were Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866), working primarily with tools from mathematical analysis, and introducing the Riemann surface, and Henri Poincaré, the founder of algebraic topology and the geometric theory of dynamical systems.

## Archimedes

Approximation of pi; defining and investigating the spiral that now bears his name; and devising a system using exponentiation for expressing very large numbers.

Approximation of pi; defining and investigating the spiral that now bears his name; and devising a system using exponentiation for expressing very large numbers.

Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying the concept of the infinitely small and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems, including: the area of a circle; the surface area and volume of a sphere; area of an ellipse; the area under a parabola; the volume of a segment of a paraboloid of revolution; the volume of a segment of a hyperboloid of revolution; and the area of a spiral.

## Series (mathematics)

In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, a description of the operation of adding infinitely many quantities, one after the other, to a given starting quantity.

In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, a description of the operation of adding infinitely many quantities, one after the other, to a given starting quantity.

The study of series is a major part of calculus and its generalization, mathematical analysis.

## Function (mathematics)

Called the domain of the function and the set Y is called the codomain of the function.

Called the domain of the function and the set Y is called the codomain of the function.

Historically, the concept was elaborated with the infinitesimal calculus at the end of the 17th century, and, until the 19th century, the functions that were considered were differentiable (that is, they had a high degree of regularity).

Typically, this occurs in mathematical analysis, where "a function from X to Y " often refers to a function that may have a proper subset of X as domain.

## Limit of a function

Not defined at zero, as x becomes closer and closer to zero, (sin x)/x becomes arbitrarily close to 1.

Not defined at zero, as x becomes closer and closer to zero, (sin x)/x becomes arbitrarily close to 1.

In mathematics, the limit of a function is a fundamental concept in calculus and analysis concerning the behavior of that function near a particular input.

## Real number

Value of a continuous quantity that can represent a distance along a line .

Value of a continuous quantity that can represent a distance along a line .

The development of calculus in the 18th century used the entire set of real numbers without having defined them rigorously.

The completeness property of the reals is the basis on which calculus, and, more generally mathematical analysis are built.

## Augustin-Louis Cauchy

Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy (, ; ; 21 August 1789 – 23 May 1857) was a French mathematician, engineer, and physicist who made pioneering contributions to several branches of mathematics, including mathematical analysis and continuum mechanics.

He was one of the first to state and rigorously prove theorems of calculus, rejecting the heuristic principle of the generality of algebra of earlier authors.

## Discrete mathematics

Study of mathematical structures that can be considered "discrete" rather than "continuous" (analogously to continuous functions).

Study of mathematical structures that can be considered "discrete" rather than "continuous" (analogously to continuous functions).

By contrast, discrete mathematics excludes topics in "continuous mathematics" such as real numbers, calculus or Euclidean geometry.

Although the main objects of study in discrete mathematics are discrete objects, analytic methods from "continuous" mathematics are often employed as well.