Canada

Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 e6km2, making it the world's second-largest country by total area.

The provinces and territories of Canada are sub-national divisions within the geographical areas of Canada under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution.

Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

Ottawa is the capital city of Canada.

Its southern border with the United States, stretching some 8891 km, is the world's longest bi-national land border.

It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second- and fourth- largest countries by area, respectively.

Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

Montreal is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada.

Canada's climate varies widely across its vast area, ranging from arctic weather in the north, to hot summers in the southern regions, with four distinct seasons.

The following tables show the average maximum and minimum temperatures of Canada of various cities across Canada, based on the climate period from 1981-2010 for the months of January and July (generally the lowest and highest average temperature months, but not in every case).

This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom.

The history of post-colonial Canada began on July 1, 1867, when the British North American colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united to form a single Dominion within the British Empire.

Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition, with a monarch and a prime minister who serves as the chair of the Cabinet and head of government.

The monarchy of Canada is at the core of Canada's constitutional federal structure and Westminster-style parliamentary democracy.

In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces.

Canadian Confederation (Confédération canadienne) was the process by which the British colonies of the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united into one federation, Canada (formally the Dominion of Canada), on July 1, 1867.

In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces.

Leading examples of the federation or federal state include the United States, India, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Argentina, and Australia.

It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries.

Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada to reside there.

Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.

Canada–United States relations refers to the bilateral relations between the adjacent countries of Canada and the United States.

This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster of 1931 and culminated in the Canada Act of 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament.

The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom whose modified versions are now domestic law within Australia and Canada; it has been repealed in New Zealand and implicitly in former Dominions that are no longer Commonwealth realms.

Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition, with a monarch and a prime minister who serves as the chair of the Cabinet and head of government.

The Government of Canada (Gouvernement du Canada), officially Her Majesty's Government (Gouvernement de Sa Majesté), is the corporation responsible for the federal administration of Canada.

Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.

The culture of Canada embodies the artistic, culinary, literary, humour, musical, political and social elements that are representative of Canada and Canadians.

The country is a realm within the Commonwealth of Nations, a member of the Francophonie and officially bilingual at the federal level.

As of 2019, there are 16 Commonwealth realms: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, and the United Kingdom.

The country is a realm within the Commonwealth of Nations, a member of the Francophonie and officially bilingual at the federal level.

"Official bilingualism" is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies, constitutional provisions, and laws that ensure legal equality of English and French in the Parliament and courts of Canada, protect the linguistic rights of English and French-speaking minorities in different provinces, and ensure a level of government services in both languages across Canada.

Canada is part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the Group of Ten, the G20, the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, TLCAN; Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, ALÉNA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.

Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.

Canada has the fourth highest total estimated value of natural resources, valued at US$33.2 trillion in 2016.

Canada is part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the Group of Ten, the G20, the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.

The Group of Seven (G7) is an international intergovernmental economic organization consisting of the seven largest IMF- advanced economies in the world: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast.

Most of these colonies joined the Confederation of Canada in the 1860s or 1870s, though Newfoundland would not join Canada until 1949.

This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster of 1931 and culminated in the Canada Act of 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament. In 1982, the passage of the Canada Act, bringing the Constitution of Canada fully under Canadian control, referred only to Canada, and later that year the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day.

The Canada Act 1982 (1982 c. 11; Loi de 1982 sur le Canada) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which was passed (as stated in the preamble) at the request of the Parliament of Canada, to "patriate" Canada's constitution, ending the power of the British Parliament to amend the Constitution of Canada.

From the 16th to the early 18th century "Canada" referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River.

Canada, in this historical context (as distinct from the present day country of Canada), was a French colony within New France first claimed in the name of the King of France in 1535 during the second voyage of Jacques Cartier.

It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education.

These are various international rankings of Canada.

Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada include the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis, the last being a mixed-blood people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers.

Inuit (syllabics:, "the people", singular: Inuk ᐃᓄᒃ, dual: Inuuk ᐃᓅᒃ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada and Alaska.

In 1982, the passage of the Canada Act, bringing the Constitution of Canada fully under Canadian control, referred only to Canada, and later that year the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day.

Canada Day (Fête du Canada) is the national day of Canada.