A report on Canada Border Services Agency

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Automated passport control kiosks at Toronto Pearson International Airport
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CBSA and RCMP members share information on the survey research vessel Strait Hunter, simulating a migrant vessel, during Frontier Sentinel (2012)
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Federal law enforcement agency that is responsible for border control (i.e. protection and surveillance), immigration enforcement, and customs services in Canada.

- Canada Border Services Agency

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Immigration and Refugee Protection Act

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The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) is an Act of the Parliament of Canada, administered by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), that replaced the Immigration Act, 1976 in 2002 as the primary federal legislation regulating immigration to Canada.

Canada Revenue Agency

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Revenue service of the federal government, and most provincial and territorial governments.

Revenue service of the federal government, and most provincial and territorial governments.

Department of National Revenue employees sorting through tax returns, 1945
Connaught Building, headquarters of the Canada Revenue Agency
CRA office in Surrey, British Columbia
CRA office in downtown Montreal, Quebec

In 2003, the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) was created out of the CCRA, leading to customs being dropped from the agency's mandate and the agency's current name.

Public Safety Canada

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Department of the Government of Canada responsible for (most) matters of public safety, emergency management, national security, and emergency preparedness in Canada.

Department of the Government of Canada responsible for (most) matters of public safety, emergency management, national security, and emergency preparedness in Canada.

Most of the department comprises organizations that were previously placed under the Department of Solicitor General of Canada, however the reorganization of several federal departments and ministries added the Canada Border Services Agency to the portfolio, after the two streams of the former Canada Customs and Revenue Agency were split in 2003.

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada

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Department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for matters dealing with immigration to Canada, refugees, and Canadian citizenship.

Department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for matters dealing with immigration to Canada, refugees, and Canadian citizenship.

Service Canada is responsible for some of the domestic field operations of the department, while the Canada Border Services Agency controls enforcement and entry control at ports of entry.

A collection of four maps showing the distribution of the Canadian population for 1851 (Newfoundland 1857), 1871 (Newfoundland 1869), 1901 and 1921 by historical region.

Immigration to Canada

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As of 2019, Canada has the eighth largest immigrant population in the world, while foreign-born people make up about one-fifth (21% in 2019) of Canada’s population—one of the highest ratios for industrialized Western countries.

As of 2019, Canada has the eighth largest immigrant population in the world, while foreign-born people make up about one-fifth (21% in 2019) of Canada’s population—one of the highest ratios for industrialized Western countries.

A collection of four maps showing the distribution of the Canadian population for 1851 (Newfoundland 1857), 1871 (Newfoundland 1869), 1901 and 1921 by historical region.
Come to Stay, printed in 1880 in the Canadian Illustrated News, which refers to immigration to the "Dominion".
Exclusionist cartoon in Saturday Sunset magazine by N. H. Hawkins, Vancouver (24 August 1907).
Punjabi Sikh settlers at a lumber camp in British Columbia, circa 1914
The government promoted cheap wheat lands in the Prairies. 1898
Fifth-wave Canadian children celebrating Canada Day in Vancouver, 1 July 1999
Sikhs celebrating the Sikh new year in Toronto
Immigrant settlement patterns and public transit in Toronto, 2016
A Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the Quebec-New York border in Lacolle directs a man entering Canada outside of a port of entry to a nearby tent for processing.
Canadian Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Sean Fraser
Tents set up on the Canadian side of border between Quebec and New York in 2017 to process asylum applicants entering Canada irregularly.

As result, Canada increased border patrol and immigration staffing in the area, reiterating that crossing the border outside ports of entry (referred to as 'irregular migration') had no effect on one's asylum status.

The Peace Arch at the border between Surrey, British Columbia and Blaine, Washington

Canada–United States border

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Longest international border in the world.

Longest international border in the world.

The Peace Arch at the border between Surrey, British Columbia and Blaine, Washington
The 45th parallel (marked in red) was established as a border between the Province of Quebec and the United States in the Treaty of Paris
Signing of the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, which ended the War of 1812 and returned the border to its pre-war state. Subsequent treaties agreed upon saw the border demilitarized, and most boundary disputes resolved.
Disputed territory between British North America and Maine marked in pink. The dispute was settled in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842. The green line on the map marks the final border.
Map of the disputed Oregon Country, with the American and British claims marked. The dispute was settled in the Oregon Treaty, placing the boundary along the 49th parallel.
An International Boundary Commission reference monument at the Pigeon River
U.S. counties (or county equivalents) sharing a land or water border with Canada
Canadian border crossing sign with lights to alert those crossing to report to customs remotely. Remote customs exists in areas where staffed border crossings are unavailable.
Canada Border Services Agency and U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents reviewing identification. Valid identification is required for crossing the border.
A United States Border Patrol agent tracking someone in harsh winter conditions on the northern border
Members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police waiting for migrants to cross at Roxham Road in August 2017
The Alberta-Montana border from Waterton Lake. A border vista clear of brush and large vegetation marks the international boundary.
International border between Yukon and Alaska (circa 1900–1923)
0 Avenue on the Canadian side and the border marker
The semi-arid region between Saskatchewan and Montana is lightly settled
Tourists in Niagara Falls, Ontario (bottom) and Niagara Falls, New York
US and Canadian custom agents
Entrance to a U.S. pre-clearance area at Vancouver International Airport. Pre-clearance areas are situated in several Canadian airports to help expedite the customs process.
Ramp facilities at Piney Pinecreek Border Airport. The left-hand building and ramp are north of the border in Canada; those on the right are in the United States.
Ambassador Bridge is a suspension bridge that connects Detroit, Michigan, with Windsor, Ontario. The bridge is North America's busiest international crossing in terms of trade volume, carrying more than one quarter of all merchandise trade between Canada and the US.
A ferry departing Wolfe Island, Ontario for Cape Vincent, New York
The Haskell Library sits on the international boundary, with the boundary marked by a black line on the floor of its reading room
Campobello Island is a practical exclave of Canada, with land access to the mainland being only to Maine
The U.S. portion of this lake peninsula has a land border with Canada, making land access to it possible only through Canada. Image by U.S. Geological Survey. 48.99833°N, -99.87889°W
Map of Alaska and the Beaufort Sea. The cross-hatched region marks the disputed maritime boundary between Canada and the U.S.
The Poker Creek–Little Gold Creek Border Crossing at the Alaska–Yukon border closed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Boundary markers and a 25 foot swath cut into the forest marking the Alberta-Montana border.
The Horseshoe Falls and the Niagara River marks the Ontario-New York border. Lakes and waterways make up most of Ontario's borders with the United States.

The agencies currently responsible for facilitating legal passage through the international boundary are the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP).

RCMP - GRC police sign

Law enforcement in Canada

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Responsibility of police services, special constabularies, and civil law enforcement agencies, which are operated by every level of government, some private and public corporations, and First Nations.

Responsibility of police services, special constabularies, and civil law enforcement agencies, which are operated by every level of government, some private and public corporations, and First Nations.

RCMP - GRC police sign
Royal Canadian Mounted Police assigned to a marine security emergency response team manoeuvre their boat after boarding a ship during Frontier Sentinel 2012 in Sydney, Canada, 8 May 2012 120508-N-HN353-287
A helicopter pilot with the RCMP Air Services Branch
An X26 Taser, a non-lethal alternative to deadly force.
Quebec City police officers prepare for the city's Saint Patrick's Day parade in 2014.
A member of the Canadian Forces Military Police participates in a training exercise in South Dakota in 2008.
A Chevrolet Uplander used by the Canadian National Railway Police photographed in Quebec in 2012.
The Ontario Provincial Police Sebringville Detachment in Perth South. Since 2018, Perth South has received police services from the neighbouring City of Stratford, and the Sebringville Detachment no longer provides municipal police services to the community.
An officer with the Winkler, Manitoba Police Service looks over a crowd at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia.
Map of Police per 100,000 population across Canada, 2012. <176 176–200 201–300 301–400 >400
A vehicle maintained by the Hampstead, Quebec municipal patrol, one of several special constabularies in the Urban agglomeration of Montreal.
Members of the Ontario Legislative Security Service posted outside the provincial parliament in 2019.
A British Columbia Sheriff Services Ford Crown Victoria.
Enforcement officers with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry stand alongside Ontario Highway 401 at Trenton for a Highway of Heroes procession in 2009.
A vehicle used by the Service de police de la Ville de Montréal for parking enforcement in the City of Montreal.
A patrol car belonging to the Kativik Regional Police Force (now the Nunavik Police Service), an arm of the Kativik Regional Government. The Regional Government was established as a result of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement and serves a population that is mostly Inuit.
Indigenous art on the fender of a Vancouver police cruiser. The Vancouver Police Department, which provides police services to the Musqueam First Nation, is one of many non-Indigenous government services in British Columbia to have added First Nations art to buildings and vehicles in recent years.
An example of tiered policing in Alberta: a municipal peace officer attends an emergency call alongside an officer from a regional RCMP detachment.
A TTC Transit Enforcement Unit patrol car, purchased and used after the service regained its special constable status.
Members of the Calgary Police Service, including Police Chief Mark Neufeld, pose for a photo at a Canada Day event in 2022.

The federal government maintains several civil law enforcement agencies, most prominent among them the Canada Border Services Agency, which manages Canadian ports of entry and enforces the Customs Act, the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, and the Quarantine Act.

The purpose of the Great Wall of China was to stop the "barbarians" from crossing the northern border of China.

Border control

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Border control refers to measures taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders.

Border control refers to measures taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders.

The purpose of the Great Wall of China was to stop the "barbarians" from crossing the northern border of China.
Arabic papyrus with an exit permit, dated 24 January 722 AD, pointing to the regulation of travel activities. From Hermopolis Magna, Egypt
Chinese passport from the Qing Dynasty, 24th Year of the Guangxu Reign, 1898
BN(O) passports sported a burgundy red cover, identical to that of the British Citizen passports, albeit without the words "European Union" text at the top part of the cover between 1990 and March 2020.
Quarantine operations deployed by mainland Chinese border control.
An International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Bureau of Quarantine in the Philippines to an individual after being vaccinated with a COVID-19 vaccine in 2021.
A road sign at an exit on Interstate 91 in Vermont advising individuals entering the state of a quarantine policy adopted in response to COVID-19, photographed in November 2020.
Slovakia, which otherwise maintains open borders with other Schengen Area jurisdictions, closed borders to non-residents because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
North Korean customs officer at Pyongyang Sunan International Airport.
Southern edge (customs border) of Captain Cook wharf, Ports of Auckland, New Zealand. An electric fence is faintly visible behind the historical fence
The International Terminal at San Francisco International Airport is an airport of entry for travellers entering America and has border checkpoint facilities for arriving passengers. Like most North American airports, it does not have a sterile international transit area. Domestic and international passengers are thus not clearly separated. This enables easier transfers from domestic to international flights but requires international transit passengers to clear the border checkpoint even if their final destination is outside America.
South Korean policemen standing guard at North Korea-South Korea border. View from South Korea.
North Korean policemen standing guard at North Korea-South Korea border. View from North Korea.
An OCI booklet exempting its bearer from usual immigration controls in India.
Karta Polaka – specimen document
American Samoa entry stamp
Hyder, Alaska has no border controls for travellers entering from Canada, and travellers flying between Hyder and other Alaskan cities by seaplane undergo internal border control
American and Canadian border officers at Vancouver airport
A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.
Entry stamp at Lewiston–Queenston Bridge, Ontario. Canada only conducts border control and stamps passports upon entry.
Automated travel document inspection at Dubai Airport
Sample of printed out eNTRI slip for Indian and mainland Chinese citizens to clear Malaysian border controls without a visa.
Lhotshampa refugees in Beldangi camp in Nepal. The man is holding a Bhutanese passport.
Children abducted by the American government pictured in a wire-mesh cage. (Photo taken by United States Customs and Border Protection)
Mexico–United States barrier in California
The border fence built by India, as seen from near the Hili border station on the Bangladeshi side.
Hungarian border barrier with Serbia
Sterile lounge at Changi Airport Terminal 3 in Singapore. Passengers transiting between international flights at Terminals 1, 2, and 3 of Changi Airport disembark directly into the sterile lounge, and may proceed to their connecting gate without clearing the border checkpoint or completing any other border control formality, and can move between terminals using the Skytrain without clearing any checkpoint.
A port of entry at Shir Khan Bandar in northern Afghanistan near the Tajikistan border guarded by American military personnel prior to their withdrawal from Afghanistan, following which the Taliban assumed control over border checkpoints between Afghanistan and its neighbours.
The Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal in Sheung Wan is a sea port of entry to Hong Kong and an example of an internal border checkpoint where travellers arriving from or departing for other cities in the Pearl River Delta are subject to border control measures.
The cruise ship pier at Ocean Terminal is also a sea port of entry to Hong Kong. While the HK-Macau Ferry Terminal is a port of entry for travellers from other Chinese cities in the Pearl River Delta, the Ocean Terminal is a port of entry for visitors arriving on cruise ships from a wider variety of jurisdictions.
The border vista along the Canada–United States border, as seen from a wayside on the Alaska Highway.
Control Line, Imjingak, Paju, South Korea
A South Korean checkpoint at the Civilian Control Line, located outside of the Demilitarised Zone
Korean Demilitarised Zone as seen from the North
Frontier Closed Area signboard at Lo Wu
Border zone in Brest with a security electric fence, a ploughed trace-control strip and a pillbox.
Border zone marked on a tree on the Finland–Russia border: no entry.
Visa policy of Bhutan, showing the free movement arrangement between India and Bhutan
Visa policy of Nepal, showing free movement between India and Nepal under the 1950 treaty
Sign often found at crossings from the Republic of Ireland into the North.
Open Schengen Area border crossing between Germany and the Netherlands
Open Schengen Area border crossing at the France-Monaco border (was open long before Schengen started)
Open Schengen Area border crossing at the Swiss-Lichtenstein border (was open long before Schengen started)
Open Schengen Area border crossing at the Slovenian-Italian border, with abandoned rain shelter.
alt=Two road-signs on the side of an open stretch of a two-lane highway.|A Schengen internal border crossing marked only by a blue sign indicating the country being entered. The smaller white sign announces entry into the state of Bavaria.
A New Zealand visa stamp issued under Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement on an Australian travel document.
Irish border at Killeen (within CTA) marked only by a metric speed sign, as the Republic of Ireland uses the metric system whilst British road signs use imperial units
Entry and exit stamps issued at Beijing Capital International Airport in a Republic of Korea passport
Entry stamp issued at Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport in a Chinese passport
Old entry and exit stamps issued at Dongguan in a Chinese passport
Entry and exit stamps issued at Fuzhou Changle International Airport in a Thai passport
American stamp from John F. Kennedy International Airport in a U.S. Passport.
An "entry denied" stamp from the Israeli Taba Border Crossing. (Some jurisdictions – such as Germany and Israel – have historically stamped "Entry Denied" on passports.)
thumb|upright=0.8|Entry stamp issued at Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in an Indian passport
thumb|upright=0.8|Entry stamp issued at Indira Gandhi International Airport to a citizen of Germany
thumb|upright=0.8|Exit stamp in an Indian passport issued at Indira Gandhi International Airport
thumb|upright=0.8|An Indian e-Visa issued at Indira Gandhi International Airport in an Romanian passport
Landing slip replacing existent passport stamps, (being unable to present the landing slip on departure does not affect a traveller's ability to clear immigration)
Mainland Chinese entry stamp issued at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station
Mainland Chinese exit stamp issued at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station in a Chinese passport
Entry and exit stamps issued at Shanghai Pudong International Airport in an Italian passport
Entry and exit stamps issued at Hong Kong International Airport and the Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal in an Italian passport
Entry stamp issued at Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal in a Thai passport
Entrance of the Hong Kong Port Area of the Shenzhen Bay Port Passenger Terminal Building
Entrance of the Mainland Port Area at West Kowloon Station
Mainland Chinese police station in the Mainland Port Area
Entry stamp into the Schengen Area issued by the French Border Police at St Pancras International station ('LFT' stands for 'Liaison fixe transmanche' (literally: cross-Channel fixed link))
Exit stamp from the Schengen Area issued by the French Border Police at Gare du Nord
British entry stamp issued by the UK Border Force at Gare du Nord.
Juxtaposed immigration controls at Brussel-Zuid/Bruxelles-Midi railway station, with the Belgian Federal Police carrying out exit immigration checks from the Schengen Area in front, and the UK Border Force carrying UK entry immigration checks behind.
UK Border Force checkpoint at the Eurotunnel Calais Terminal, where entry checks are carried out before boarding the train to the UK.
French Border Police checkpoint at London St Pancras International station, where entry immigration checks to the Schengen Area are carried out before boarding the train.
The interior of the U.S. preclearance departures at Montréal.
Shannon Airport preclearance
Canadian and U.S. stamps in an U.S. passport, both issued in Montréal
ePassport gates in Heathrow Airport (Terminal 4)
ePassport gates in Heathrow Airport (Terminal 5)
e-Channel machines at Hong Kong International Airport
Smartgate Departures at Sydney Airport
Automated immigration at Narita Airport
Countries whose citizens are eligible for Global Entry
Sample NEXUS card
A NEXUS lane at the American side of the Ambassador Bridge
{{legend|green|Full members of the scheme}}{{legend|lime|Transitional members (America and Canada)}}
The front of the updated version of the Border Crossing Card issued to Mexican nationals
Canadian Border Security Agency officers and police in Vancouver
Automated passport control kiosks at Toronto Pearson International Airport
National Immigration Agency headquarters in Taipei.
Ski Contingent of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police during their 53rd Raising Day Parade, 2014
Insignia of the Indian Border Security Force
thumb|Protests against Frontex in Warsaw in 2008
Emblem of the Department of Homeland Security, the umbrella agency responsible for border control in the United States
Korean border
The winding border between Pakistan and India is lit by security lights. It is one of the few places on Earth where an international boundary can be seen at night.
The Peace Arch at the Canada–United States border, the longest common border in the world.
Thailand-Cambodia
The Wagah border crossing between India and Pakistan along the Radcliffe Line.
Border at Tijuana, Mexico and San Ysidro, California, United States with memorial coffins for those killed crossing this border. A straight-line border surveyed when the region was thinly populated.
Elbe at the German-Czech border crossing
Vaalimaa's border crossing along the European route E18 on the Finnish side of the Russian border in Virolahti, Finland
House on Chaamseweg street in Baarle, village that is divided between Belgium and Netherlands. State border is marked by the line of white plates on the sidewalk
Jordan-Israel (Aquaba-Arava)
Car of the German Border Patrol
Cyclepath on the border of The Netherlands (cyclepath) and Germany (gravelroad)
Map depicting countries with a policy of executing drug traffickers Only under certain conditions Capital punishment for drug offences

As a result of protests by Akwesasne residents on their rights to cross the border unimpeded, as provided under the 1795 Jay Treaty, the Canada Border Services Agency closed its post on Cornwall Island, instead requiring travellers to proceed to the checkpoint in the city of Cornwall.

Canada Customs and Revenue Agency

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Department of the government of Canada and existed from November 1, 1999 until December 12, 2003.

Department of the government of Canada and existed from November 1, 1999 until December 12, 2003.

The CCRA was subsequently split into the Canada Border Services Agency and Canada Revenue Agency.

Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada

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Act of Parliament, is an independent administrative tribunal that is responsible for making decisions on immigration and refugee matters.

Act of Parliament, is an independent administrative tribunal that is responsible for making decisions on immigration and refugee matters.

If the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) believes an individual has not followed or contravenes IRPA, they will ask the IRB to conduct an admissibility hearing—which will determine if the individual remain or enter Canada.