A report on Carcinogenesis and Malignant transformation

Cancers and tumors are caused by a series of mutations. Each mutation alters the behavior of the cell somewhat.

The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis

Longitudinally opened freshly resected colon segment showing a cancer and four polyps. Plus a schematic diagram indicating a likely field defect (a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer) in this colon segment. The diagram indicates sub-clones and sub-sub-clones that were precursors to the tumors.

Tissue can be organized in a continuous spectrum from normal to cancer.

Many tumor suppressor genes effect signal transduction pathways that regulate apoptosis, also known as "programmed cell death".

Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

- Carcinogenesis

There are many causes of primary malignant transformation, or tumorigenesis.

- Malignant transformation

2 related topics with Alpha

A coronal CT scan showing a malignant mesothelioma
Legend: → tumor ←, ✱ central pleural effusion, 1 & 3 lungs, 2 spine, 4 ribs, 5 aorta, 6 spleen, 7 & 8 kidneys, 9 liver

Cancer

0 links

Group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

Symptoms of cancer metastasis depend on the location of the tumor.

The GHS Hazard pictogram for carcinogenic substances

Share of cancer deaths attributed to tobacco in 2016.

The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with smoking.

Cancers are caused by a series of mutations. Each mutation alters the behavior of the cell somewhat.

Chest X-ray showing lung cancer in the left lung

Three measures of global cancer mortality from 1990 to 2017

Engraving with two views of a Dutch woman who had a tumor removed from her neck in 1689

An invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (pale area at the center) surrounded by spikes of whitish scar tissue and yellow fatty tissue

An invasive colorectal carcinoma (top center) in a colectomy specimen

A squamous-cell carcinoma (the whitish tumor) near the bronchi in a lung specimen

A large invasive ductal carcinoma in a mastectomy specimen

In order for a normal cell to transform into a cancer cell, the genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered.

Several studies have indicated that the enzyme sirtuin 6 is selectively inactivated during oncogenesis in a variety of tumor types by inducing glycolysis.

Human papillomavirus infection

0 links

Caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family.

A sample DNA test report for HPV genotype from a laboratory

Genome organization of human papillomavirus type 16, one of the subtypes known to cause cervical cancer (E1-E7 early genes, L1-L2 late genes: capsid)

Artist's impression of cervical cancer caused by HPV.

Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the HPV type 16 viral capsid protein. Rendered from

X-ray crystallography structure of the HPV type 16 oncoprotein E6 (purple) shown bound to the LxxLL peptide motif of the human protein UBE3A (cyan). Rendered from.

Notable HPV types and associated diseases

Some of the early genes expressed by HPV, such as E6 and E7, act as oncogenes that promote tumor growth and malignant transformation.

HPV genome integration can also cause carcinogenesis by promoting genomic instability associated with alterations in DNA copy number.