Cardinal (Catholic Church) and Related Topics

Pope

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Bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome ), head of the worldwide Catholic Church, and also serves as head of state or sovereign of the Vatican City State since the eighth century.

Gregory the Great (c. 540–604) who established medieval themes in the Church, in a painting by Carlo Saraceni, c. 1610, Rome.

A historical map of the Mediterranean states in 1400. The Western Schism lasted from 1378 to 1417.

As part of the Catholic Reformation, Pope Paul III (1534–49) initiated the Council of Trent (1545–63), which established the triumph of the papacy over those who sought to reconcile with Protestants or oppose papal claims.

The Delivery of the Keys painted by Pietro Perugino (1492)

The conclave in Konstanz where Pope Martin V was elected

The formal declaration of "Habemus Papam" after the election of Pope Martin V

Funeral of Pope John Paul II at the Vatican in April 2005, presided over by Cardinal Ratzinger, the future Pope Benedict XVI

Entrance to Vatican City, with inscription "Benedictus XVI Pont(ifex) Max(imus) Anno Domini MMV Pont(ificatus) I.", i.e., "Benedict XVI, Pontifex Maximus, in the year of Our Lord 2005, the first year of his pontificate."

The coat of arms of the Holy See. That of the State of Vatican City is the same except that the positions of the gold and silver keys are interchanged.

1881 illustration depicting papal infallibility

Pope Pius XII, wearing the traditional 1877 Papal tiara, is carried through St. Peter's Basilica on a sedia gestatoria c. 1955.

Pope Pius VII, bishop of Rome, seated, and Cardinal Caprara.

Antichristus, a woodcut by Lucas Cranach of the pope using the temporal power to grant authority to a generously contributing ruler

Antichristus, by Lucas Cranach the Elder, from Luther's 1521 Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist. The pope is signing and selling indulgences.

Christus, by Lucas Cranach. This woodcut of John 13:14–17 is from Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist. Cranach shows Jesus kissing Peter's foot during the footwashing. This stands in contrast to the opposing woodcut, where the pope demands others kiss his foot.

Antichristus, by the Lutheran Lucas Cranach the Elder. This woodcut of the traditional practice of kissing the pope's foot is from Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist.

Pope Pius IX, the pope with the longest verifiable reign

Pope Urban VII, the shortest-reigning pope

Popes also contended with the cardinals, who sometimes attempted to assert the authority of Catholic Ecumenical Councils over the pope's. Conciliarism holds that the supreme authority of the church lies with a General Council, not with the pope.

Catholic Church

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Largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide.

The first use of the term "Catholic Church" (literally meaning "universal church") was by the church father Saint Ignatius of Antioch in his Letter to the Smyrnaeans (c. 110 AD). Ignatius of Antioch is also attributed the earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Χριστιανισμός) c. 100 AD. He died in Rome, with his relics located in the Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano.

This fresco (1481–82) by Pietro Perugino in the Sistine Chapel shows Jesus giving the keys of heaven to Saint Peter.

The Last Supper, a late 1490s mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci, depicting the last supper of Jesus and his twelve apostles on the eve of his crucifixion. Most apostles are buried in Rome, including Saint Peter.

19th-century drawing by Henry William Brewer of Old Saint Peter's Basilica, originally built in 318 by Emperor Constantine

The Renaissance period was a golden age for Catholic art. Pictured: the Sistine Chapel ceiling painted by Michelangelo

Ruins of the Jesuit Reduction at São Miguel das Missões in Brazil

While, since the 1960s, Pope Pius XII has been accused of not having done enough to shelter Jews from the Holocaust, his defenders claim he secretly encouraged individual Catholic resistance groups, such as that led by priest Heinrich Maier. Maier helped the allies fight against the V-2, which was produced by concentration camp prisoners.

Members of the Canadian Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII, following the Liberation of Rome in 1944 during World War II

Bishops listen during the Second Vatican Council

Pope John Paul II was credited as a major influence to the end of the Cold War and the fall of communism. Here with U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his wife, Nancy, in 1982.

Francis is the 266th and current pope of the Catholic Church, a title he holds ex officio as bishop of Rome, and sovereign of Vatican City. He was elected in the 2013 papal conclave.

C. 1210 manuscript version of the traditional Shield of the Trinity theological diagram

The Blessed Virgin Mary is highly regarded in the Catholic Church, proclaiming her as Mother of God, free from original sin and an intercessor.

Mass at the Grotto at Lourdes, France. The chalice is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.

Baptism of Augustine of Hippo as represented in a sculptural group in Troyes Cathedral (1549), France

Pope Benedict XVI celebrates the Eucharist at the canonisation of Frei Galvão in São Paulo, Brazil on 11 May 2007

A Catholic believer prays in a church in Mexico

The Seven Sacraments Altarpiece triptych painting of Extreme Unction (Anointing of the Sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1445.

Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.

Catholic religious objects – Holy Bible, crucifix and rosary

East Syrian Rite wedding crowning celebrated by a bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in India, one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in full communion with the pope and the Catholic Church.

Saint Teresa of Calcutta advocated for the sick, the poor and the needy by practicing the acts of corporal works of mercy.

Pope Paul VI issued Humanae vitae on 25 July 1968.

The position of cardinal is a rank of honour bestowed by popes on certain clerics, such as leaders within the Roman Curia, bishops serving in major cities and distinguished theologians.

Pope Benedict XVI

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Retired prelate of the Catholic church who served as the head of the church and the sovereign of the Vatican city state from 2005 until his resignation in 2013.

The birth house of Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger in Marktl, Bavaria

Palais Holnstein in Munich, the residence of Benedict as Archbishop of Munich and Freising

Cardinal Ratzinger in Rome, 12 October 1988

Benedict XVI, St. Peter's Basilica, 15 May 2005

Benedict XVI reciting the weekly Angelus prayer while overlooking Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City

Benedict XVI's first trip in a popemobile

Benedict at the canonization of Frei Galvão

A pre-1969 Traditional Latin Mass altar with reredos.

Benedict XVI on a throne in the Apostolic Palace

Benedict XVI in a Mercedes-Benz popemobile in São Paulo, Brazil

Benedict XVI celebrates his 81st birthday with U.S. President George W. Bush and his wife, Laura. The White House, Washington D.C.

Benedict XVI wearing Cappello Romano during an open-air Mass in 2007

Benedict XVI in choir dress with the red summer papal mozzetta, embroidered red stole, and the red papal shoes

Benedict XVI in a popemobile at his final Wednesday General Audience in St. Peter's Square on 27 February 2013

Benedict XVI in 2014, one year after his resignation.

Benedict with President of Russia Vladimir Putin on 13 March 2007

Benedict XVI at the Synod of Bishops 2008 in Rome, Italy

In 2013, one of Notre-Dame de Paris' new bells was named Benoît-Joseph after the pope.

After a long career as a professor of theology at several German universities, he was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising and created a cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1977, an unusual promotion for someone with little pastoral experience.

The 1492 conclave was the first to be held in the Sistine Chapel, the site of all conclaves since 1878.

Papal conclave

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Gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a bishop of Rome, also known as the pope.

Since the conclave of 2005, the cardinals electors reside in the Domus Sanctae Marthae for the length of the conclave

The camerlengo proclaiming a papal death

Cardinals, bishops and priests attending the funeral of Pope John Paul II

Cardinals formerly used these intricate ballot papers, one of which is shown folded above. Currently, the ballots are simple cards, folded once (like a note card), with the words "I elect as Supreme Pontiff" printed in Latin on them.

Today, cardinal electors receive copies of multiple ballot cards, scrutiny ballots, and a copy of Ordo Rituum Conclavis (Order of Conclave Rites). Shown above are the ballot papers of Cardinal Roger Mahony used in the 2013 conclave.

Fumata nera in the Sistine Chapel, indicating that there was not a two-thirds majority in the papal election at the Conclave.

Fumata bianca in Sistine Chapel, indicating that a pope has been elected by the College of Cardinals.

At the end of the conclave of 2013, the newly elected Pope Francis appears for the first time to the crowd in St. Peter's Square

Concerns around political interference led to reforms after the interregnum of 1268–1271 and Pope Gregory X's decree during the Second Council of Lyons in 1274 that the cardinal electors should be locked in seclusion cum clave (Latin for 'with a key') and not permitted to leave until a new pope had been elected.

Pope John Paul II

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The head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in 2005.

The wedding portrait of John Paul II's parents, Emilia and Karol Wojtyła Sr.

Painting of Saint John Paul II painted by Zbigniewa Kotyłły, 2012

Karol Wojtyła (second from right) in a Baudienst forced labor work crew during the German occupation of Poland in WWII, circa 1941

The Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum in Rome, Italy

Karol Wojtyła pictured during a kayaking trip to the countryside with a groups of students, circa 1960

19 Kanonicza Street in Kraków, Poland where John Paul II lived as a priest and bishop (now an Archdiocese Museum).

First appearance of Pope John Paul II following his election on 16 October 1978

John Paul's first papal trip to Poland in June 1979

John Paul II with the president of Italy Sandro Pertini in 1984

John Paul II during a visit to West Germany, 1980

US President Ronald Reagan meeting with Pope John Paul II during a visit to the Vatican City, 1982

Graffiti showing John Paul II with quote "Do not be afraid" in Rijeka, Croatia

John Paul II was the first Pope to enter and pray in a mosque, visiting the tomb of John the Baptist at Umayyad Mosque, Damascus.

John Paul II moments after being shot during an assassination attempt by Mehmet Ali Ağca in St. Peter's Square, 13 May 1981

An ailing John Paul II riding in the Popemobile in September 2004 in St. Peter's Square

(l-r) George W. Bush, Laura Bush, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Condoleezza Rice, and Andrew Card, US dignitaries paying respects to John Paul II on 6 April 2005 at St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City

The tomb of John Paul II in the Vatican Chapel of Saint Sebastian within St. Peter's Basilica where it has been since 2011.

1.5 million St. Peter's Square attendees witness the beatification of John Paul II on 1 May 2011 in Vatican City

Statue of John Paul II outside the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Tepeyac, Mexico City

Candles around monument to John Paul II in Zaspa, Gdańsk at the time of his death

The canonisation of John Paul II and John XXIII

The tomb of the parents of John Paul II at Rakowicki Cemetery in Kraków, Poland

Wojtyła was named cardinal priest of the titulus of San Cesareo in Palatio.

Cardinals in red vestments during the funeral of Pope John Paul II

College of Cardinals

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The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.

Pope Paul VI

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Head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978.

Montini on the day of his ordination in 1920

Montini photographed alongside Pope Pius XII during his service at the Secretariat of State

Montini as the Archbishop of Milan c. 1956

Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini walking in Saint Peter's Square in 1962

Cardinal Montini at the opening of the new building of the RAS, Milan, 1962. Photo by Paolo Monti.

Pope Paul VI appears on the central loggia after his election on 21 June 1963

Pope Paul VI fully supported Cardinal Augustin Bea, credited with ecumenical breakthroughs during the Second Vatican Council.

Pope Paul VI after his election with the first Catholic U.S. president with whom he visited as Pope, United States President John F. Kennedy, 2 July 1963

The opening of the second session of Vatican II

Following his predecessor Ambrose of Milan, Pope Paul VI named Mary the "Mother of the Church" during Vatican II.

Pope Paul VI with Sister Lúcia, the seer of Our Lady of Fátima.

Pope Paul VI meets Jafar Shahidi, an Iranian Shia scholar.

Relief commemorating Pope Paul VI's visit to Nazareth, 5 January 1964

Pope Paul VI's diamond ring and cross donated to the United Nations

The arrival of Pope Paul VI to Fátima, Portugal, in 1967.

The Pope Paul VI during his visit to the Sanctuary of Fátima in 1967

Paul VI makes Karol Wojtyła (future Pope John Paul II) a cardinal in 1967.

Paul VI with Joseph Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI) who was created cardinal in the 1977 consistory.

Paul VI with Albino Luciani (later John Paul I) in Venice

Aldo Moro, photographed during his kidnapping by the Red Brigades in 1978

Paul VI's body in the Vatican after his death

The Papal Tiara of Paul VI, now in the Crypt of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception

Tomb of Paul VI following his canonisation in October 2018

Tapestry of Paul VI on the occasion of his beatification on 19 October 2014

Canonization Mass held on 14 October 2018

Paul VI received the Grand Cross First Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Pope Paul VI during an October 1973 audience

Pope Paul VI at Mount Tabor, during his 1964 visit to Israel

Paul VI's papal tiara, now in the Crypt of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception

After the death of the Benedictine Cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, in 1954, Montini was appointed to succeed him as Archbishop of Milan, which made him the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference.

Pope Francis

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Head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State since 2013.

Bergoglio on 18 June 2008 giving a catechesis

The stamp is dedicated to the pastoral visit of Francis to Azerbaijan on 2 October 2016

Francis opens the Holy Door, marking the beginning of the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy

Francis with Cuban leader Raúl Castro in September 2015

Crowd at the Koševo City Stadium in Sarajevo, celebrating a mass with Francis, June 2015

He became the archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 and was created a cardinal in 2001 by Pope John Paul II.

Latin Church Catholic bishop Gerhard Ludwig Müller wearing the pontifical vestments and carrying a crosier.

Bishops in the Catholic Church

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Ordained minister who holds the fullness of the sacrament of holy orders and is responsible for teaching doctrine, governing Catholics in his jurisdiction, sanctifying the world and representing the Church.