A report on Heavy cavalry, Cataphract and Knight

Ottoman Sipahi heavy cavalry, c. 1550
Historical reenactment of a Sassanid-era cataphract, complete with a full set of scale armor for the horse. The rider is covered by extensive mail armor.
A 14th century depiction of the 13th century German knight Hartmann von Aue, from the Codex Manesse.
Early 16th-century French gendarmes, with complete plate armour and heavy lances
Sculpture of a Sasanian cataphract in Taq-e Bostan, Iran. It is One of the oldest depictions of a cataphract.
A Norman knight slaying Harold Godwinson (Bayeux tapestry, c. 1070). The rank of knight developed in the 12th century from the mounted warriors of the 10th and 11th centuries.
Spanish Heavy Cavalry - Royal Armoury of Madrid, Spain
The extent circa 170 BC of the Iranian Scythians and Parthians, to whom the first recorded use of true cataphract-like cavalry can be attributed in antiquity.
The battle between the Turks and Christian knights during the Ottoman wars in Europe
Alexander the Great on horseback
Chanfron, Northern Yan
David I of Scotland knighting a squire
The oldest known relief of a heavily armoured cavalryman, from the Sasanian Empire, at Taq-i Bostan, near Kermanshah, Iran (4th century)
A stone-etched relief depicting a Parthian cataphract fighting against a lion. Housed in the British Museum.
The miles Christianus allegory (mid-13th century), showing a knight armed with virtues and facing the vices in mortal combat. The parts of his armour are identified with Christian virtues, thus correlating essential military equipment with the religious values of chivalry: The helmet is spes futuri gaudii (hope of future bliss), the shield (here the shield of the Trinity) is fides (faith), the armour is caritas (charity), the lance is perseverantia (perseverance), the sword is verbum Dei (the word of God), the banner is regni celestis desiderium (desire for the kingdom of heaven), the horse is bona voluntas (good will), the saddle is Christiana religio (Christian religion), the saddlecloth is humilitas (humility), the reins are discretio (discretion), the spurs are disciplina (discipline), the stirrups are propositum boni operis (proposition of good work), and the horse's four hooves are delectatio, consensus, bonum opus, consuetudo (delight, consent, good work, and exercise).
Northern Wei heavy cavalry
Three examples of the various styles of interweaving and wire threading that were commonly employed in the creation of cataphract scale armor to form a stiffened, "armored shell" with which to protect the horse.
Tournament from the Codex Manesse, depicting the mêlée
A recreation of a medieval joust between heavily armoured knights at a modern Renaissance fair
Breakdown of a fully armoured Chinese cataphract
Elements of a harness of the late style of Gothic plate armour that was a popular style in the mid 15th to early 16th century (depiction made in the 18th century)
Contemporary depiction in the Liber ad honorem Augusti, of Dipold of Acerra, an early 13th-century knight, when the knight was undisputed master of the battlefield
Equestrian relief at Firuzabad, Iran showing Cataphracts dueling with lances
Page from King René's Tournament Book (BnF Ms Fr 2695)
Mongol heavy cavalry in battle (13th–14th century)
The cataphract-style parade armor of a Saka (Scythian) royal from the Issyk kurgan, dubbed "Golden Man". The overlapping golden scales are typical of cataphract armor.
The Battle of Pavia in 1525. Landsknecht mercenaries with arquebus.
Christian the Younger of Brunswick in the armour of a cuirassier
Two heavily armored noblemen dueling on horseback with kontos; Sasanian era silver plate with gold coating, Azerbaijan Museum, Tabriz, Iran
Fortified house – a family seat of a knight (Schloss Hart by the Harter Graben near Kindberg, Austria)
A re-enactor dressed as a Winged Hussar, who served as the heavy cavalry of the Polish Commonwealth
A depiction of Sarmatian cataphracts fleeing from Roman cavalry during the Dacian wars circa 101 AD, at Trajan's Column in Rome
The Battle of Grunwald between Poland-Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights in 1410
French cuirassiers, 19th century
Pippo Spano, the member of the Order of the Dragon
The English fighting the French knights at the Battle of Crécy in 1346
Miniature from Jean Froissart Chronicles depicting the Battle of Montiel (Castilian Civil War, in the Hundred Years' War)
A modern artistic rendition of a chevalière of the Late Middle Ages.
A battle of the Reconquista from the Cantigas de Santa Maria
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The Battle of Pavia in 1525. Landsknecht mercenaries with arquebus.

A cataphract was a form of armored heavy cavalryman that originated in Persia and was fielded in ancient warfare throughout Eurasia and Northern Africa.

- Cataphract

Iranian tribes such as the Massagetae were believed to be the originator of the class of heavy cavalry known as cataphract.

- Heavy cavalry

Chronicled by many historians from the earliest days of antiquity up until the High Middle Ages, they may have influenced the later European knights, through contact with the Byzantine Empire.

- Cataphract

The specific military sense of a knight as a mounted warrior in the heavy cavalry emerges only in the Hundred Years' War.

- Knight

Among other advantages, stirrups provided greater balance and support to the rider, which allowed the knight to use a sword more efficiently without falling, especially against infantry adversaries.

- Heavy cavalry

Cataphract

- Knight
Ottoman Sipahi heavy cavalry, c. 1550

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