A report on Catecholamine, Stimulant and Heart rate

Ritalin: 20 mg sustained-release (SR) tablets

A chart comparing the chemical structures of different amphetamine derivatives

Autonomic Innervation of the Heart – Cardioaccelerator and cardioinhibitory areas are components of the paired cardiac centers located in the medulla oblongata of the brain. They innervate the heart via sympathetic cardiac nerves that increase cardiac activity and vagus (parasympathetic) nerves that slow cardiac activity.

Roasted coffee beans, a common source of caffeine.

Effects of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Stimulation on Normal Sinus Rhythm – The wave of depolarization in a normal sinus rhythm shows a stable resting HR. Following parasympathetic stimulation, HR slows. Following sympathetic stimulation, HR increases.

Heart rate (HR) (top trace) and tidal volume (Vt) (lung volume, second trace) plotted on the same chart, showing how heart rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration.

Lines of illicit cocaine, used as a recreational stimulant

The various formulae provide slightly different numbers for the maximum heart rates by age.

At 21 days after conception, the human heart begins beating at 70 to 80 beats per minute and accelerates linearly for the first month of beating.

Heart rate monitor with a wrist receiver

In obstetrics, heart rate can be measured by ultrasonography, such as in this embryo (at bottom left in the sac) of 6 weeks with a heart rate of approximately 90 per minute.

Pulsatile retinal blood flow in the optic nerve head region revealed by laser Doppler imaging

Various stimulant drugs (such as a number of substituted amphetamines) are catecholamine analogues.

- Catecholamine

Central nervous system stimulants such as substituted amphetamines increase heart rate.

- Heart rate

Most stimulants exert their activating effects by enhancing catecholamine neurotransmission.

- Stimulant

Some typical effects are increases in heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, and a general reaction of the sympathetic nervous system.

- Catecholamine

The catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine, secreted by the adrenal medulla form one component of the extended fight-or-flight mechanism.

- Heart rate

Common effects may include increased alertness, awareness, wakefulness, endurance, productivity, and motivation, arousal, locomotion, heart rate, and blood pressure, and a diminished desire for food and sleep.

- Stimulant

1 related topic with Alpha

Norepinephrine

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Norepinephrine degradation. Metabolizing enzymes are shown in boxes.

Norepinephrine (labeled "noradrénaline" in this drawing) processing in a synapse. After release norepinephrine can either be taken up again by the presynaptic terminal, or broken down by enzymes.

Schema of the sympathetic nervous system, showing the sympathetic ganglia and the parts of the body to which they connect.

Brain areas containing noradrenergic neurons.

Chemical structure of octopamine, which serves as the homologue of norepinephrine in many invertebrate species

Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as both a hormone and neurotransmitter.

In the rest of the body, norepinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure, triggers the release of glucose from energy stores, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, reduces blood flow to the gastrointestinal system, and inhibits voiding of the bladder and gastrointestinal motility.

These are drugs whose primary effects are thought to be mediated by different neurotransmitter systems (dopamine for stimulants, serotonin for antidepressants), but many also increase levels of norepinephrine in the brain.