A report on Cellular respiration and Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Typical eukaryotic cell
Reaction of FAD to form FADH2
Out of the cytoplasm it goes into the Krebs cycle with the acetyl CoA. It then mixes with CO2 and makes 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH. From there the NADH and FADH go into the NADH reductase, which produces the enzyme. The NADH pulls the enzyme's electrons to send through the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain pulls H+ ions through the chain. From the electron transport chain, the released hydrogen ions make ADP for an result of 32 ATP. O2 provides most of the energy for the process and combines with protons and the electrons to make water. Lastly, ATP leaves through the ATP channel and out of the mitochondria.
Approximate absorption spectrum for FAD
Stoichiometry of aerobic respiration and most known fermentation types in eucaryotic cell. Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules, C6 is glucose C6H12O6, C1 carbon dioxide CO2. Mitochondrial outer membrane is omitted.
Mechanism 1. Hydride transfer occurs by addition of H+ and 2 e−
Mechanism 2. Hydride transfer by abstraction of hydride from NADH
Mechanism 3. Radical formation by electron abstraction
Mechanism 4. The loss of hydride to electron deficient R group
Mechanism 5. Use of nucleophilic addition to break R1-R2 bond
Mechanism 6. Carbon radical reacts with O2 and acid to form H2O2
Riboflavin
FADH{{sub|2}}

The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, and the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP to add a third phosphate group to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2

- Cellular respiration

German scientists Otto Warburg and Walter Christian discovered a yeast derived yellow protein required for cellular respiration in 1932.

- Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Typical eukaryotic cell

5 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Overview of the citric acid cycle

Citric acid cycle

4 links

Series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Overview of the citric acid cycle
Structural diagram of acetyl-CoA: The portion in blue, on the left, is the acetyl group; the portion in black is coenzyme A.

The Krebs cycle is used by organisms that respire (as opposed to organisms that ferment) to generate energy, either by anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration.

The overall yield of energy-containing compounds from the citric acid cycle is three NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP.

Interactive animation of the structure of ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

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Organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, condensate dissolution, and chemical synthesis.

Organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, condensate dissolution, and chemical synthesis.

Interactive animation of the structure of ATP
The cycles of synthesis and degradation of ATP; 2 and 1 represent input and output of energy, respectively.
This image shows a 360-degree rotation of a single, gas-phase magnesium-ATP chelate with a charge of −2. The anion was optimized at the UB3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) theoretical level and the atomic connectivity modified by the human optimizer to reflect the probable electronic structure.
An example of the Rossmann fold, a structural domain of a decarboxylase enzyme from the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis with a bound flavin mononucleotide cofactor.

The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide, the combination of pathways 1 and 2, known as cellular respiration, produces about 30 equivalents of ATP from each molecule of glucose.

NADH and FADH2 are recycled (to NAD+ and FAD, respectively) by oxidative phosphorylation, generating additional ATP.

The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, which releases the energy of oxygen to power ATP synthase.

Electron transport chain

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Series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.

Series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.

The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, which releases the energy of oxygen to power ATP synthase.
Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane.
Depiction of ATP synthase, the site of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP.

In aerobic respiration, the flow of electrons terminates with molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

The energy released by reactions of oxygen and reduced compounds such as cytochrome c and (indirectly) NADH and FADH is used by the electron transport chain to pump protons into the intermembrane space, generating the electrochemical gradient over the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Two mitochondria from mammalian lung tissue displaying their matrix and membranes as shown by electron microscopy

Mitochondrion

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Double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.

Double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.

Two mitochondria from mammalian lung tissue displaying their matrix and membranes as shown by electron microscopy
Simplified structure of a mitochondrion.
Cross-sectional image of cristae in a rat liver mitochondrion to demonstrate the likely 3D structure and relationship to the inner membrane
Electron transport chain in the mitochondrial intermembrane space
Transmission electron micrograph of a chondrocyte, stained for calcium, showing its nucleus (N) and mitochondria (M).
Typical mitochondrial network (green) in two human cells (HeLa cells)
Model of the yeast multimeric tethering complex, ERMES
Evolution of MROs
The circular 16,569 bp human mitochondrial genome encoding 37 genes, i.e., 28 on the H-strand and 9 on the L-strand.

Mitochondria use aerobic respiration to generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is subsequently used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy.

The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide, and, in the process, produces reduced cofactors (three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2) that are a source of electrons for the electron transport chain, and a molecule of GTP (which is readily converted to an ATP).

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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Complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation.

Complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Pymol-generated image of E1 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in E. Coli
Pymol-generated E3 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Pseudomonas putida
500px

Acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration, and this complex links the glycolysis metabolic pathway to the citric acid cycle.

First, FAD oxidizes dihydrolipoate back to its lipoate resting state, producing FADH2.