A report on Hydrogen and Chemical element

The Space Shuttle Main Engine burnt hydrogen with oxygen, producing a nearly invisible flame at full thrust.

The chemical elements ordered in the periodic table

Depiction of a hydrogen atom with size of central proton shown, and the atomic diameter shown as about twice the Bohr model radius (image not to scale)

$Estimated distribution of dark matter and dark energy in the universe. Only the fraction of the mass and energy in the universe labeled "atoms" is composed of chemical elements.$

Hydrogen gas is colorless and transparent, here contained in a glass ampoule.

Periodic table showing the cosmogenic origin of each element in the Big Bang, or in large or small stars. Small stars can produce certain elements up to sulfur, by the alpha process. Supernovae are needed to produce "heavy" elements (those beyond iron and nickel) rapidly by neutron buildup, in the r-process. Certain large stars slowly produce other elements heavier than iron, in the s-process; these may then be blown into space in the off-gassing of planetary nebulae

Phase diagram of hydrogen. The temperature and pressure scales are logarithmic, so one unit corresponds to a 10x change. The left edge corresponds to 105 Pa, which is about atmospheric pressure.

Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, from the Big Bang. The next three elements (Li, Be, B) are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars. The two general trends in the remaining stellar-produced elements are: (1) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers (the Oddo-Harkins rule), and (2) a general decrease in abundance as elements become heavier. Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae.

Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table: An experiment on a system of elements. Based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities.

Hydrogen emission spectrum lines in the visible range. These are the four visible lines of the Balmer series

NGC 604, a giant region of ionized hydrogen in the Triangulum Galaxy

Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1.

- Hydrogen

The lightest chemical elements are hydrogen and helium, both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe in a ratio of around 3:1 by mass (or 12:1 by number of atoms), along with tiny traces of the next two elements, lithium and beryllium.

- Chemical element

29 related topics with Alpha

Atom

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The Geiger–Marsden experiment:
Left: Expected results: alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection.
Right: Observed results: a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus.

The Bohr model of the atom, with an electron making instantaneous "quantum leaps" from one orbit to another with gain or loss of energy. This model of electrons in orbits is obsolete.

The binding energy needed for a nucleon to escape the nucleus, for various isotopes

A potential well, showing, according to classical mechanics, the minimum energy V(x) needed to reach each position x. Classically, a particle with energy E is constrained to a range of positions between x1 and x2.

3D views of some hydrogen-like atomic orbitals showing probability density and phase (g orbitals and higher are not shown)

This diagram shows the half-life (T½) of various isotopes with Z protons and N neutrons.

These electron's energy levels (not to scale) are sufficient for ground states of atoms up to cadmium (5s2 4d10) inclusively. Do not forget that even the top of the diagram is lower than an unbound electron state.

An example of absorption lines in a spectrum

Graphic illustrating the formation of a Bose–Einstein condensate

Scanning tunneling microscope image showing the individual atoms making up this gold (100) surface. The surface atoms deviate from the bulk crystal structure and arrange in columns several atoms wide with pits between them (See surface reconstruction).

Periodic table showing the origin of each element. Elements from carbon up to sulfur may be made in small stars by the alpha process. Elements beyond iron are made in large stars with slow neutron capture (s-process). Elements heavier than iron may be made in neutron star mergers or supernovae after the r-process.

An atom is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element.

Only the most common variety of hydrogen has no neutrons.

Joseph Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery.

Oxygen

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Antoine Lavoisier discredited the phlogiston theory.

Robert H. Goddard and a liquid oxygen-gasoline rocket

An experiment setup for preparation of oxygen in academic laboratories

Orbital diagram, after Barrett (2002), showing the participating atomic orbitals from each oxygen atom, the molecular orbitals that result from their overlap, and the aufbau filling of the orbitals with the 12 electrons, 6 from each O atom, beginning from the lowest-energy orbitals, and resulting in covalent double-bond character from filled orbitals (and cancellation of the contributions of the pairs of σ and σ* and π and π* orbital pairs).

Liquid oxygen, temporarily suspended in a magnet owing to its paramagnetism

Space-filling model representation of dioxygen (O2) molecule

Late in a massive star's life, 16O concentrates in the O-shell, 17O in the H-shell and 18O in the He-shell.

500 million years of climate change vs. 18O

Photosynthesis splits water to liberate and fixes into sugar in what is called a Calvin cycle.

build-up in Earth's atmosphere: 1) no produced; 2) produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4–5) sinks filled and the gas accumulates

Hofmann electrolysis apparatus used in electrolysis of water.

Oxygen and MAPP gas compressed-gas cylinders with regulators

An oxygen concentrator in an emphysema patient's house

Low pressure pure is used in space suits.

Most commercially produced is used to smelt and/or decarburize iron.

Water is the most familiar oxygen compound.

Oxides, such as iron oxide or rust, form when oxygen combines with other elements.

The interior of the Apollo 1 Command Module. Pure at higher than normal pressure and a spark led to a fire and the loss of the Apollo 1 crew.

Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8.

Oxygen is Earth's most abundant element, and after hydrogen and helium, it is the third-most abundant element in the universe.

Nitrogen

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The shapes of the five orbitals occupied in nitrogen. The two colours show the phase or sign of the wave function in each region. From left to right: 1s, 2s (cutaway to show internal structure), 2px, 2py, 2pz.

Table of nuclides (Segrè chart) from carbon to fluorine (including nitrogen). Orange indicates proton emission (nuclides outside the proton drip line); pink for positron emission (inverse beta decay); black for stable nuclides; blue for electron emission (beta decay); and violet for neutron emission (nuclides outside the neutron drip line). Proton number increases going up the vertical axis and neutron number going to the right on the horizontal axis.

Molecular orbital diagram of dinitrogen molecule, N2. There are five bonding orbitals and two antibonding orbitals (marked with an asterisk; orbitals involving the inner 1s electrons not shown), giving a total bond order of three.

Solid nitrogen on the plains of Sputnik Planitia on Pluto next to water ice mountains

Structure of [Ru(NH3)5(N2)]2+ (pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II)), the first dinitrogen complex to be discovered

Mesomeric structures of borazine, (–BH–NH–)3

Standard reduction potentials for nitrogen-containing species. Top diagram shows potentials at pH 0; bottom diagram shows potentials at pH 14.

Nitrogen dioxide at −196 °C, 0 °C, 23 °C, 35 °C, and 50 °C. converts to colourless dinitrogen tetroxide at low temperatures, and reverts to at higher temperatures.

Fuming nitric acid contaminated with yellow nitrogen dioxide

Schematic representation of the flow of nitrogen compounds through a land environment

A container vehicle carrying liquid nitrogen.

Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7.

15N-enriched compounds have the advantage that under standard conditions, they do not undergo chemical exchange of their nitrogen atoms with atmospheric nitrogen, unlike compounds with labelled hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotopes that must be kept away from the atmosphere.

Carbon

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Some allotropes of carbon: a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d–f) fullerenes (C60, C540, C70); g) amorphous carbon; h) carbon nanotube

Comet C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) surrounded by glowing carbon vapor

Graphite ore, shown with a penny for scale

"Present day" (1990s) sea surface dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (from the GLODAP climatology)

Diagram of the carbon cycle. The black numbers indicate how much carbon is stored in various reservoirs, in billions tonnes ("GtC" stands for gigatonnes of carbon; figures are circa 2004). The purple numbers indicate how much carbon moves between reservoirs each year. The sediments, as defined in this diagram, do not include the ≈70 million GtC of carbonate rock and kerogen.

Structural formula of methane, the simplest possible organic compound.

Correlation between the carbon cycle and formation of organic compounds. In plants, carbon dioxide formed by carbon fixation can join with water in photosynthesis ( green ) to form organic compounds, which can be used and further converted by both plants and animals.

This anthracene derivative contains a carbon atom with 5 formal electron pairs around it.

Pencil leads for mechanical pencils are made of graphite (often mixed with a clay or synthetic binder).

Worker at carbon black plant in Sunray, Texas (photo by John Vachon, 1942)

Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6.

Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen.

Helium

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Sir William Ramsay, the discoverer of terrestrial helium

The cleveite sample from which Ramsay first purified helium

Historical marker, denoting a massive helium find near Dexter, Kansas

The helium atom. Depicted are the nucleus (pink) and the electron cloud distribution (black). The nucleus (upper right) in helium-4 is in reality spherically symmetric and closely resembles the electron cloud, although for more complicated nuclei this is not always the case.

Binding energy per nucleon of common isotopes. The binding energy per particle of helium-4 is significantly larger than all nearby nuclides.

Helium discharge tube shaped like the element's atomic symbol

Liquefied helium. This helium is not only liquid, but has been cooled to the point of superfluidity. The drop of liquid at the bottom of the glass represents helium spontaneously escaping from the container over the side, to empty out of the container. The energy to drive this process is supplied by the potential energy of the falling helium.

Unlike ordinary liquids, helium II will creep along surfaces in order to reach an equal level; after a short while, the levels in the two containers will equalize. The Rollin film also covers the interior of the larger container; if it were not sealed, the helium II would creep out and escape.

Structure of the helium hydride ion, HHe+

Structure of the suspected fluoroheliate anion, OHeF−

The largest single use of liquid helium is to cool the superconducting magnets in modern MRI scanners.

A dual chamber helium leak detection machine

Because of its low density and incombustibility, helium is the gas of choice to fill airships such as the Goodyear blimp.

Helium (from ἥλιος) is a chemical element with the symbol He and atomic number 2.

It is the second lightest and second most abundant element in the observable universe (hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant).

Proton

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Stable subatomic particle, symbol, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge.

Ernest Rutherford at the first Solvay Conference, 1911

Proton detected in an isopropanol cloud chamber

Protium, the most common isotope of hydrogen, consists of one proton and one electron (it has no neutrons). The term "hydrogen ion" implies that that H-atom has lost its one electron, causing only a proton to remain. Thus, in chemistry, the terms "proton" and "hydrogen ion" (for the protium isotope) are used synonymously

Since each element has a unique number of protons, each element has its own unique atomic number, which determines the number of atomic electrons and consequently the chemical characteristics of the element.

In previous years, Rutherford had discovered that the hydrogen nucleus (known to be the lightest nucleus) could be extracted from the nuclei of nitrogen by atomic collisions.

Periodic table highlighting the first row of each block. Helium (He), as a noble gas, is normally shown over neon (Ne) with the rest of the noble gases. The elements within scope of this article are inside the thick black borders. The status of oganesson (Og, element 118) is not yet known.

Nonmetal

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[[File:Nonmetals in the periodic table.png|thumb|upright=0.85|

Electronegativity values of the group 16 chalcogen elements showing a W-shaped alternation or secondary periodicity going down the group

Modern periodic table extract showing nonmetal subclasses.
<hr style="color:white;background-color:white">
† moderately strong oxidising agent
‡ strong oxidising agent

A small (about 2 cm long) piece of rapidly melting argon ice

A cluster of purple fluorite, a fluorine mineral, between two quartzes

Selenium conducts electricity around 1,000 times better when light falls on it, a property used since the mid-1870s in light-sensing applications.

A crystal of realgar, also known as "ruby sulphur" or "ruby of arsenic", an arsenic sulfide mineral As4S4

Brownish crystals of buckminsterfullerene С60, a semiconducting allotrope of carbon

Germanium occurs in some zinc-copper-lead ore bodies, in quantities sufficient to justify extraction. The pure form costs $360 per 100 grams, as at February 2022.

In chemistry, a nonmetal is a chemical element that generally lacks a predominance of metallic properties; they range from colorless gases (like hydrogen) to shiny and high melting point solids (like boron).

Metal

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Material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.

A metal in the form of a gravy boat made from stainless steel, an alloy largely composed of iron, carbon, and chromium

A metal rod with a hot-worked eyelet. Hot-working exploits the capacity of metal to be plastically deformed.

Samples of babbitt metal, an alloy of tin, antimony, and copper, used in bearings to reduce friction

A sculpture cast in nickel silver—an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc that looks like silver

Rhodium, a noble metal, shown here as 1 g of powder, a 1 g pressed cylinder, and a 1 g pellet

A sample of diaspore, an aluminum oxide hydroxide mineral, α-AlO(OH)

A neodymium compound alloy magnet of composition Nd2Fe14B on a nickel-iron bracket from a computer hard drive

A pile of compacted steel scraps, ready for recycling

The Artemision Bronze showing either Poseidon or Zeus, c. 460 BCE, National Archaeological Museum, Athens. The figure is more than 2 m in height.

A disc of highly enriched uranium that was recovered from scrap processed at the Y-12 National Security Complex, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee

White-hot steel pours like water from a 35-ton electric furnace, at the Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, in Brackenridge, Pennsylvania.

A Ho-Mg-Zn icosahedral quasicrystal formed as a pentagonal dodecahedron, the dual of the icosahedron

Body-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 2-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. chromium, iron, and tungsten

Face-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 4-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. aluminum, copper, and gold

Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, with a 6-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. titanium, cobalt, and zinc

Niobium crystals and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} anodized niobium cube for comparison

Molybdenum crystals and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} molybdenum cube for comparison

Tantalum single crystal, some crystalline fragments, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} tantalum cube for comparison

Tungsten rods with evaporated crystals, partially oxidized with colorful tarnish, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} tungsten cube for comparison

alt=Three, dark broccoli shaped clumps of oxidised lead with grossly distended buds, and a cube of lead which has a dull silvery appearance.| oxidised lead

alt=A silvery molasses-like liquid being poured into a circular container with a height equivalent to a smaller coin on its edge| Mercury being

Electrum, a natural alloy of silver and gold, was often used for making coins. Shown is the Roman god Apollo, and on the obverse, a Delphi tripod (circa 310–305 BCE).

A plate made of pewter, an alloy of 85–99% tin and (usually) copper. Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East.

A pectoral (ornamental breastplate) made of tumbaga, an alloy of gold and copper

Arsenic, sealed in a container to prevent tarnishing

Bismuth in crystalline form, with a very thin oxidation layer, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} bismuth cube

Potassium pearls under paraffin oil. Size of the largest pearl is 0.5 cm.

Aluminum chunk, 2.6 grams, {{nowrap|1=1 x 2 cm}}

Scandium, including a 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

Lutetium, including a 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride.

In chemistry, the term base metal is used informally to refer to a metal that is easily oxidized or corroded, such as reacting easily with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form a metal chloride and hydrogen.

$Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number. The rarest elements in the crust (shown in yellow) are rare due to a combination of factors: all but one are the densest siderophiles (iron-loving) elements in the Goldschmidt classification, meaning they have a tendency to mix well with metallic iron, depleting them by being relocated deeper into the Earth's core. Their abundance in meteoroids is higher. Additionally, tellurium has been depleted by preaccretional sorting in the nebula via formation of volatile hydrogen telluride.$

Abundance of the chemical elements

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The abundance of the chemical elements is a measure of the occurrence of the chemical elements relative to all other elements in a given environment.

As another example, looking at the mass-fraction abundance of hydrogen and helium in both the Universe as a whole and in the atmospheres of gas-giant planets such as Jupiter, it is 74% for hydrogen and 23–25% for helium; while the (atomic) mole-fraction for hydrogen is 92%, and for helium is 8%, in these environments.

Drifting smoke particles indicate the movement of the surrounding gas.

Gas

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One of the four fundamental states of matter .

Random motion of gas particles results in diffusion.

21 April 1990 eruption of Mount Redoubt, Alaska, illustrating real gases not in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Satellite view of weather pattern in vicinity of Robinson Crusoe Islands on 15 September 1999, shows a turbulent cloud pattern called a Kármán vortex street

$Delta wing in wind tunnel. The shadows form as the indices of refraction change within the gas as it compresses on the leading edge of this wing.$

A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide).

The only chemical elements that are stable diatomic homonuclear molecules at STP are hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and two halogens: fluorine (F2) and chlorine (Cl2).