A report on Periodic table, Metal and Chemical element

Iron, shown here as fragments and a 1 cm3 cube, is an example of a chemical element that is a metal.

The chemical elements ordered in the periodic table

3D views of some hydrogen-like atomic orbitals showing probability density and phase (g orbitals and higher are not shown)

A metal in the form of a gravy boat made from stainless steel, an alloy largely composed of iron, carbon, and chromium

$Estimated distribution of dark matter and dark energy in the universe. Only the fraction of the mass and energy in the universe labeled "atoms" is composed of chemical elements.$

Idealized order of shell-filling (most accurate for n  ≲ 4.)

Periodic table showing the cosmogenic origin of each element in the Big Bang, or in large or small stars. Small stars can produce certain elements up to sulfur, by the alpha process. Supernovae are needed to produce "heavy" elements (those beyond iron and nickel) rapidly by neutron buildup, in the r-process. Certain large stars slowly produce other elements heavier than iron, in the s-process; these may then be blown into space in the off-gassing of planetary nebulae

A metal rod with a hot-worked eyelet. Hot-working exploits the capacity of metal to be plastically deformed.

Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, from the Big Bang. The next three elements (Li, Be, B) are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars. The two general trends in the remaining stellar-produced elements are: (1) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers (the Oddo-Harkins rule), and (2) a general decrease in abundance as elements become heavier. Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae.

Graph of first ionisation energies of the elements in electronvolts (predictions used for elements 105–118)

Samples of babbitt metal, an alloy of tin, antimony, and copper, used in bearings to reduce friction

Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table: An experiment on a system of elements. Based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities.

A sculpture cast in nickel silver—an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc that looks like silver

Flowing liquid mercury. Its liquid state at room temperature is a result of special relativity.

Rhodium, a noble metal, shown here as 1 g of powder, a 1 g pressed cylinder, and a 1 g pellet

A periodic table colour-coded to show some commonly used sets of similar elements. The categories and their boundaries differ somewhat between sources. Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Lanthanides
Actinides
Transition metals Other metals
Metalloids
Other nonmetals
Halogens
Noble gases

A sample of diaspore, an aluminum oxide hydroxide mineral, α-AlO(OH)

A neodymium compound alloy magnet of composition Nd2Fe14B on a nickel-iron bracket from a computer hard drive

A pile of compacted steel scraps, ready for recycling

The Artemision Bronze showing either Poseidon or Zeus, c. 460 BCE, National Archaeological Museum, Athens. The figure is more than 2 m in height.

A disc of highly enriched uranium that was recovered from scrap processed at the Y-12 National Security Complex, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee

One possible form of the extended periodic table to element 172, suggested by Finnish chemist Pekka Pyykkö. Deviations from the Madelung order (8s < < 6f < 7d < 8p) begin to appear at elements 139 and 140, though for the most part it continues to hold approximately.

Otto Theodor Benfey's spiral periodic table (1964)

White-hot steel pours like water from a 35-ton electric furnace, at the Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, in Brackenridge, Pennsylvania.

A Ho-Mg-Zn icosahedral quasicrystal formed as a pentagonal dodecahedron, the dual of the icosahedron

Body-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 2-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. chromium, iron, and tungsten

Arsenic, an element often called a semi-metal or metalloid

Face-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 4-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. aluminum, copper, and gold

Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, with a 6-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. titanium, cobalt, and zinc

Niobium crystals and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} anodized niobium cube for comparison

Molybdenum crystals and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} molybdenum cube for comparison

Tantalum single crystal, some crystalline fragments, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} tantalum cube for comparison

Tungsten rods with evaporated crystals, partially oxidized with colorful tarnish, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} tungsten cube for comparison

alt=Three, dark broccoli shaped clumps of oxidised lead with grossly distended buds, and a cube of lead which has a dull silvery appearance.| oxidised lead

alt=A silvery molasses-like liquid being poured into a circular container with a height equivalent to a smaller coin on its edge| Mercury being

Electrum, a natural alloy of silver and gold, was often used for making coins. Shown is the Roman god Apollo, and on the obverse, a Delphi tripod (circa 310–305 BCE).

A plate made of pewter, an alloy of 85–99% tin and (usually) copper. Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East.

A pectoral (ornamental breastplate) made of tumbaga, an alloy of gold and copper

Arsenic, sealed in a container to prevent tarnishing

Bismuth in crystalline form, with a very thin oxidation layer, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} bismuth cube

Potassium pearls under paraffin oil. Size of the largest pearl is 0.5 cm.

Aluminum chunk, 2.6 grams, {{nowrap|1=1 x 2 cm}}

Scandium, including a 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

Lutetium, including a 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the (chemical) elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements.

- Periodic table

A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride.

- Metal

Trends run through the periodic table, with nonmetallic character (keeping their own electrons) increasing from left to right across a period, and from down to up across a group, and metallic character (surrendering electrons to other atoms) increasing in the opposite direction.

- Periodic table

Around 95 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals (or are likely to be such).

- Metal

Much of the modern understanding of elements developed from the work of Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist who published the first recognizable periodic table in 1869.

- Chemical element

A first distinction is between metals, which readily conduct electricity, nonmetals, which do not, and a small group, (the metalloids), having intermediate properties and often behaving as semiconductors.

- Chemical element

10 related topics with Alpha

Zinc

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Late Roman brass bucket – the Hemmoorer Eimer from Warstade, Germany, second to third century AD

Various alchemical symbols for the element zinc

Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is given credit for first isolating pure zinc

Galvanization was named after Luigi Galvani.

Percentage of zinc output in 2006 by countries

Hot-dip handrail galvanized crystalline surface

Cast brass microstructure at magnification 400x

Zinc oxide is used as a white pigment in paints.

GNC zinc 50 mg tablets. The amount exceeds what is deemed the safe upper limit in the United States (40 mg) and European Union (25 mg)

Zinc gluconate is one compound used for the delivery of zinc as a dietary supplement.

Ribbon diagram of human carbonic anhydrase II, with zinc atom visible in the center

Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

It is the first element in group 12 (IIB) of the periodic table.

Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India, though it was known to the ancient Romans and Greeks.

Periodic table highlighting the first row of each block. Helium (He), as a noble gas, is normally shown over neon (Ne) with the rest of the noble gases. The elements within scope of this article are inside the thick black borders. The status of oganesson (Og, element 118) is not yet known.

Nonmetal

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[[File:Nonmetals in the periodic table.png|thumb|upright=0.85|

Electronegativity values of the group 16 chalcogen elements showing a W-shaped alternation or secondary periodicity going down the group

Modern periodic table extract showing nonmetal subclasses.
<hr style="color:white;background-color:white">
† moderately strong oxidising agent
‡ strong oxidising agent

A small (about 2 cm long) piece of rapidly melting argon ice

A cluster of purple fluorite, a fluorine mineral, between two quartzes

Selenium conducts electricity around 1,000 times better when light falls on it, a property used since the mid-1870s in light-sensing applications.

A crystal of realgar, also known as "ruby sulphur" or "ruby of arsenic", an arsenic sulfide mineral As4S4

Brownish crystals of buckminsterfullerene С60, a semiconducting allotrope of carbon

Germanium occurs in some zinc-copper-lead ore bodies, in quantities sufficient to justify extraction. The pure form costs $360 per 100 grams, as at February 2022.

Extract of periodic table showing how often each element is classified as a nonmetal:

In chemistry, a nonmetal is a chemical element that generally lacks a predominance of metallic properties; they range from colorless gases (like hydrogen) to shiny and high melting point solids (like boron).

Joseph Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery.

Oxygen

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Antoine Lavoisier discredited the phlogiston theory.

Robert H. Goddard and a liquid oxygen-gasoline rocket

An experiment setup for preparation of oxygen in academic laboratories

Orbital diagram, after Barrett (2002), showing the participating atomic orbitals from each oxygen atom, the molecular orbitals that result from their overlap, and the aufbau filling of the orbitals with the 12 electrons, 6 from each O atom, beginning from the lowest-energy orbitals, and resulting in covalent double-bond character from filled orbitals (and cancellation of the contributions of the pairs of σ and σ* and π and π* orbital pairs).

Liquid oxygen, temporarily suspended in a magnet owing to its paramagnetism

Space-filling model representation of dioxygen (O2) molecule

Late in a massive star's life, 16O concentrates in the O-shell, 17O in the H-shell and 18O in the He-shell.

500 million years of climate change vs. 18O

Photosynthesis splits water to liberate and fixes into sugar in what is called a Calvin cycle.

build-up in Earth's atmosphere: 1) no produced; 2) produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4–5) sinks filled and the gas accumulates

Hofmann electrolysis apparatus used in electrolysis of water.

Oxygen and MAPP gas compressed-gas cylinders with regulators

An oxygen concentrator in an emphysema patient's house

Low pressure pure is used in space suits.

Most commercially produced is used to smelt and/or decarburize iron.

Water is the most familiar oxygen compound.

Oxides, such as iron oxide or rust, form when oxygen combines with other elements.

The interior of the Apollo 1 Command Module. Pure at higher than normal pressure and a spark led to a fire and the loss of the Apollo 1 crew.

Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8.

It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds.

Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving.

Copper-germanium alloy pellets, likely ~84% Cu; 16% Ge. When combined with silver the result is a tarnish resistant sterling silver. Also shown are two silver pellets.

Metalloid

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Arsenic trioxide or white arsenic, one of the most toxic and prevalent forms of arsenic. The antileukaemic properties of white arsenic were first reported in 1878.

Optical fibers, usually made of pure silicon dioxide glass, with additives such as boron trioxide or germanium dioxide for increased sensitivity

Archaic blue light signal, fuelled by a mixture of sodium nitrate, sulfur, and (red) arsenic trisulfide

Semiconductor-based electronic components. From left to right: a transistor, an integrated circuit, and an LED. The elements commonly recognised as metalloids find widespread use in such devices, as elemental or compound semiconductor constituents (Si, Ge or GaAs, for example) or as doping agents (B, Sb, Te, for example).

Boron, shown here in the form of its β-rhombohedral phase (its most thermodynamically stable allotrope)

Silicon has a blue-grey metallic lustre.

Germanium is sometimes described as a metal

Tellurium, described by Dmitri Mendeleev as forming a transition between metals and nonmetals

Carbon (as graphite). Delocalized valence electrons within the layers of graphite give it a metallic appearance.

High purity aluminium is much softer than its familiar alloys. People who handle it for the first time often ask if it is the real thing.

Grey selenium, being a photoconductor, conducts electricity around 1,000 times better when light falls on it, a property used since the mid-1870s in various light-sensing applications

Iodine crystals, showing a metallic lustre. Iodine is a semiconductor in the direction of its planes, with a band gap of ~1.3 eV. It has an electrical conductivity of 1.7 × 10−8 S•cm−1 at room temperature. This is higher than selenium but lower than boron, the least electrically conducting of the recognised metalloids.

White tin (left) and grey tin (right). Both forms have a metallic appearance.

A metalloid is a type of chemical element which has a preponderance of properties in between, or that are a mixture of, those of metals and nonmetals.

This can be found, in varying configurations, on some periodic tables.

Transition metal

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In chemistry, the term transition metal (or transition element) has three possible definitions:

From left to right, aqueous solutions of: (red); (orange); (yellow); (turquoise); (blue); (purple).

Oxidation states of the transition metals. The solid dots show common oxidation states, and the hollow dots show possible but unlikely states.

The IUPAC definition defines a transition metal as "an element whose atom has a partially filled d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell".

Many scientists describe a "transition metal" as any element in the d-block of the periodic table, which includes groups 3 to 12 on the periodic table. In actual practice, the f-block lanthanide and actinide series are also considered transition metals and are called "inner transition metals".

Cotton and Wilkinson expand the brief IUPAC definition (see above) by specifying which elements are included. As well as the elements of groups 4 to 11, they add scandium and yttrium in group 3, which have a partially filled d sub-shell in the metallic state. Lanthanum and actinium, which they consider group 3 elements, are however classified as lanthanides and actinides respectively.

Tin

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Ceremonial giant bronze dirk of the Plougrescant-Ommerschans type, Plougrescant, France, 1500–1300 BC.

Ball-and-stick models of the structure of solid stannous chloride.

Sample of cassiterite, the main ore of tin

World production and price (US exchange) of tin.

World consumption of refined tin by end-use, 2006

A 21st-century reproduction barn lantern made of punched tin.

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.

Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table of elements.

Tin is a soft, malleable, ductile and highly crystalline silvery-white metal.

Uranium

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Various militaries use depleted uranium as high-density penetrators.

The most visible civilian use of uranium is as the thermal power source used in nuclear power plants.

Uranium ceramic glaze glowing under UV light Design and developed by Dr. Sencer Sarı

Uranium glass used as lead-in seals in a vacuum capacitor

The planet Uranus, which uranium is named after

Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity by exposing a photographic plate to uranium in 1896.

Cubes and cuboids of uranium produced during the Manhattan project

The mushroom cloud over Hiroshima after the dropping of the uranium-based atomic bomb nicknamed 'Little Boy'

Four light bulbs lit with electricity generated from the first artificial electricity-producing nuclear reactor, EBR-I (1951)

U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2005

Uraninite, also known as pitchblende, is the most common ore mined to extract uranium.

The evolution of Earth's radiogenic heat flow over time: contribution from 235U in red and from 238U in green

Citrobacter species can have concentrations of uranium in their cells 300 times the level of the surrounding environment.

Monthly uranium spot price in US$ per pound. The 2007 price peak is clearly visible.

Uranium in its oxidation states III, IV, V, VI

Uranium hexafluoride is the feedstock used to separate uranium-235 from natural uranium.

Cascades of gas centrifuges are used to enrich uranium ore to concentrate its fissionable isotopes.

World uranium production (mines) and demand<ref name="WNA-WUM" />

alt=A yellow sand-like rhombic mass on black background.|Yellowcake is a concentrated mixture of uranium oxides that is further refined to extract pure uranium.

Uranium is a chemical element with the symbol U and atomic number 92.

It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table.

Crystals of osmium, a heavy metal nearly twice as dense as lead

Heavy metals

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In a cello (example shown above) or a viola the C-string sometimes incorporates tungsten; its high density permits a smaller diameter string and improves responsiveness.

The Statue of Liberty. A stainless steel alloy armature provides structural strength; a copper skin confers corrosion resistance.

Cerium(IV) oxide (sample shown above) is used as a catalyst in self-cleaning ovens.

Neodymium sulfate (Nd2(SO4)3), used to colour glassware

The Topaz Solar Farm, in southern California, features nine million cadmium-tellurium photovoltaic modules covering an area of 25.6 km2.

An X-ray tube with a rotating anode, typically a tungsten-rhenium alloy on a molybdenum core, backed with graphite

alt=A silvery finger of chromium irregularly encrusted with diamond-like chunks of chromium of varying size. There is also a one-third sized version of the finger and three roughly hewn gem-like chunks of chromium, as well as the cube. There is a partial reflection of one of the three gem-like chunks in one of the faces of the cube.| Chromium crystals and 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

alt=Two dull silver clusters of crystalline shards| Arsenic, sealed in a container to stop tarnishing

alt=A more or less smooth silvery finger of cadmium with some slightly angled faces plus a dull cube| Cadmium bar and 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

alt=A silvery molasses- like liquid being poured into a circular container with a height equivalent to a smaller coin on its edge| Mercury being poured into a petri dish

Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.

The definitions surveyed in this article encompass up to 96 out of the 118 known chemical elements; only mercury, lead and bismuth meet all of them.

For example, rubidium in group (column) 1 of the periodic table has an atomic number of 37 but a density of only 1.532 g/cm3, which is below the threshold figure used by other authors.

Plutonium

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A ring of weapons-grade 99.96% pure electrorefined plutonium, enough for one bomb core. The ring weighs 5.3 kg, is ca. 11 cm in diameter and its shape helps with criticality safety.

Uranium-plutonium and thorium-uranium chains

Various oxidation states of plutonium in solution

Plutonium pyrophoricity can cause it to look like a glowing ember under certain conditions.

Twenty micrograms of pure plutonium hydroxide

Sample of plutonium metal displayed at the Questacon museum

Glenn T. Seaborg and his team at Berkeley were the first to produce plutonium.

The dwarf planet Pluto, after which plutonium is named

The Hanford B Reactor face under construction—the first plutonium-production reactor

The Hanford site represents two-thirds of the nation's high-level radioactive waste by volume. Nuclear reactors line the riverbank at the Hanford Site along the Columbia River in January 1960.

Because of the presence of plutonium-240 in reactor-bred plutonium, the implosion design was developed for the "Fat Man" and "Trinity" weapons

The atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan in 1945 had a plutonium core.

The 238PuO2 radioisotope thermoelectric generator of the Curiosity rover

A sphere of simulated plutonium surrounded by neutron-reflecting tungsten carbide blocks in a re-enactment of Harry Daghlian's 1945 experiment

Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol Pu and atomic number 94.

It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized.

Alternative names considered by Seaborg and others were "ultimium" or "extremium" because of the erroneous belief that they had found the last possible element on the periodic table.

Potassium

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Structure of solid potassium superoxide.

Monte Kali, a potash mining and beneficiation waste heap in Hesse, Germany, consisting mostly of sodium chloride.

Potassium sulfate/magnesium sulfate fertilizer

Potassium is a chemical element with the symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number19.

In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals, all of which have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, that is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge – a cation, that combines with anions to form salts.

Its applications include gold mining, electroplating, and electroforming of these metals; it is also used in organic synthesis to make nitriles.