A report on Metal, Transition metal and Chemical element

Iron, shown here as fragments and a 1 cm3 cube, is an example of a chemical element that is a metal.

The first row of transition metals in order.

The chemical elements ordered in the periodic table

A metal in the form of a gravy boat made from stainless steel, an alloy largely composed of iron, carbon, and chromium

From left to right, aqueous solutions of: (red); (orange); (yellow); (turquoise); (blue); (purple).

$Estimated distribution of dark matter and dark energy in the universe. Only the fraction of the mass and energy in the universe labeled "atoms" is composed of chemical elements.$

Oxidation states of the transition metals. The solid dots show common oxidation states, and the hollow dots show possible but unlikely states.

Periodic table showing the cosmogenic origin of each element in the Big Bang, or in large or small stars. Small stars can produce certain elements up to sulfur, by the alpha process. Supernovae are needed to produce "heavy" elements (those beyond iron and nickel) rapidly by neutron buildup, in the r-process. Certain large stars slowly produce other elements heavier than iron, in the s-process; these may then be blown into space in the off-gassing of planetary nebulae

A metal rod with a hot-worked eyelet. Hot-working exploits the capacity of metal to be plastically deformed.

Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, from the Big Bang. The next three elements (Li, Be, B) are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars. The two general trends in the remaining stellar-produced elements are: (1) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers (the Oddo-Harkins rule), and (2) a general decrease in abundance as elements become heavier. Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae.

Samples of babbitt metal, an alloy of tin, antimony, and copper, used in bearings to reduce friction

Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table: An experiment on a system of elements. Based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities.

A sculpture cast in nickel silver—an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc that looks like silver

Rhodium, a noble metal, shown here as 1 g of powder, a 1 g pressed cylinder, and a 1 g pellet

A sample of diaspore, an aluminum oxide hydroxide mineral, α-AlO(OH)

A neodymium compound alloy magnet of composition Nd2Fe14B on a nickel-iron bracket from a computer hard drive

A pile of compacted steel scraps, ready for recycling

The Artemision Bronze showing either Poseidon or Zeus, c. 460 BCE, National Archaeological Museum, Athens. The figure is more than 2 m in height.

A disc of highly enriched uranium that was recovered from scrap processed at the Y-12 National Security Complex, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee

White-hot steel pours like water from a 35-ton electric furnace, at the Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, in Brackenridge, Pennsylvania.

A Ho-Mg-Zn icosahedral quasicrystal formed as a pentagonal dodecahedron, the dual of the icosahedron

Body-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 2-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. chromium, iron, and tungsten

Face-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 4-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. aluminum, copper, and gold

Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, with a 6-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. titanium, cobalt, and zinc

Niobium crystals and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} anodized niobium cube for comparison

Molybdenum crystals and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} molybdenum cube for comparison

Tantalum single crystal, some crystalline fragments, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} tantalum cube for comparison

Tungsten rods with evaporated crystals, partially oxidized with colorful tarnish, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} tungsten cube for comparison

alt=Three, dark broccoli shaped clumps of oxidised lead with grossly distended buds, and a cube of lead which has a dull silvery appearance.| oxidised lead

alt=A silvery molasses-like liquid being poured into a circular container with a height equivalent to a smaller coin on its edge| Mercury being

Electrum, a natural alloy of silver and gold, was often used for making coins. Shown is the Roman god Apollo, and on the obverse, a Delphi tripod (circa 310–305 BCE).

A plate made of pewter, an alloy of 85–99% tin and (usually) copper. Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East.

A pectoral (ornamental breastplate) made of tumbaga, an alloy of gold and copper

Arsenic, sealed in a container to prevent tarnishing

Bismuth in crystalline form, with a very thin oxidation layer, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} bismuth cube

Potassium pearls under paraffin oil. Size of the largest pearl is 0.5 cm.

Aluminum chunk, 2.6 grams, {{nowrap|1=1 x 2 cm}}

Scandium, including a 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

Lutetium, including a 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride.

- Metal

The IUPAC definition defines a transition metal as "an element whose atom has a partially filled d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell".

- Transition metal

Cotton and Wilkinson expand the brief IUPAC definition (see above) by specifying which elements are included. As well as the elements of groups 4 to 11, they add scandium and yttrium in group 3, which have a partially filled d sub-shell in the metallic state. Lanthanum and actinium, which they consider group 3 elements, are however classified as lanthanides and actinides respectively.

- Transition metal

The strength of metallic bonds for different elemental metals reaches a maximum around the center of the transition metal series, as these elements have large numbers of delocalized electrons.

- Metal

A first distinction is between metals, which readily conduct electricity, nonmetals, which do not, and a small group, (the metalloids), having intermediate properties and often behaving as semiconductors.

- Chemical element

The version of this classification used in the periodic tables presented here includes: actinides, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, lanthanides, transition metals, post-transition metals, metalloids, reactive nonmetals, and noble gases.

- Chemical element

7 related topics with Alpha

Periodic table

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3D views of some hydrogen-like atomic orbitals showing probability density and phase (g orbitals and higher are not shown)

Idealized order of shell-filling (most accurate for n  ≲ 4.)

Graph of first ionisation energies of the elements in electronvolts (predictions used for elements 105–118)

Flowing liquid mercury. Its liquid state at room temperature is a result of special relativity.

A periodic table colour-coded to show some commonly used sets of similar elements. The categories and their boundaries differ somewhat between sources. Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Lanthanides
Actinides
Transition metals Other metals
Metalloids
Other nonmetals
Halogens
Noble gases

One possible form of the extended periodic table to element 172, suggested by Finnish chemist Pekka Pyykkö. Deviations from the Madelung order (8s < < 6f < 7d < 8p) begin to appear at elements 139 and 140, though for the most part it continues to hold approximately.

Otto Theodor Benfey's spiral periodic table (1964)

Arsenic, an element often called a semi-metal or metalloid

The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the (chemical) elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements.

Trends run through the periodic table, with nonmetallic character (keeping their own electrons) increasing from left to right across a period, and from down to up across a group, and metallic character (surrendering electrons to other atoms) increasing in the opposite direction.

The s- and p-block elements, which fill their outer shells, are called main-group elements; the d-block elements (coloured blue below), which fill an inner shell, are called transition elements (or transition metals, since they are all metals).

Iron

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Magnetization curves of 9 ferromagnetic materials, showing saturation. 1.Sheet steel, 2.Silicon steel, 3.Cast steel, 4.Tungsten steel, 5.Magnet steel, 6.Cast iron, 7.Nickel, 8.Cobalt, 9.Magnetite

A polished and chemically etched piece of an iron meteorite, believed to be similar in composition to the Earth's metallic core, showing individual crystals of the iron-nickel alloy (Widmanstatten pattern)

Banded iron formation in McKinley Park, Minnesota.

Hydrated iron(III) chloride (ferric chloride)

Comparison of colors of solutions of ferrate (left) and permanganate (right)

Blue-green iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate

The two enantiomorphs of the ferrioxalate ion

Crystal structure of iron(II) oxalate dihydrate, showing iron (gray), oxygen (red), carbon (black), and hydrogen (white) atoms.

Blood-red positive thiocyanate test for iron(III)

Iron harpoon head from Greenland. The iron edge covers a narwhal tusk harpoon using meteorite iron from the Cape York meteorite, one of the largest iron meteorites known.

The symbol for Mars has been used since antiquity to represent iron.

The iron pillar of Delhi is an example of the iron extraction and processing methodologies of early India.

Coalbrookdale by Night, 1801. Blast furnaces light the iron making town of Coalbrookdale.

"Gold gab ich für Eisen" – "I gave gold for iron". German-American brooch from WWI.

17th century Chinese illustration of workers at a blast furnace, making wrought iron from pig iron

How iron was extracted in the 19th century

This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production.

A pot of molten iron being used to make steel

Photon mass attenuation coefficient for iron.

Structure of Heme b; in the protein additional ligand(s) would be attached to Fe.

A heme unit of human carboxyhemoglobin, showing the carbonyl ligand at the apical position, trans to the histidine residue

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table.

Joseph Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery.

Oxygen

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Antoine Lavoisier discredited the phlogiston theory.

Robert H. Goddard and a liquid oxygen-gasoline rocket

An experiment setup for preparation of oxygen in academic laboratories

Orbital diagram, after Barrett (2002), showing the participating atomic orbitals from each oxygen atom, the molecular orbitals that result from their overlap, and the aufbau filling of the orbitals with the 12 electrons, 6 from each O atom, beginning from the lowest-energy orbitals, and resulting in covalent double-bond character from filled orbitals (and cancellation of the contributions of the pairs of σ and σ* and π and π* orbital pairs).

Liquid oxygen, temporarily suspended in a magnet owing to its paramagnetism

Space-filling model representation of dioxygen (O2) molecule

Late in a massive star's life, 16O concentrates in the O-shell, 17O in the H-shell and 18O in the He-shell.

500 million years of climate change vs. 18O

Photosynthesis splits water to liberate and fixes into sugar in what is called a Calvin cycle.

build-up in Earth's atmosphere: 1) no produced; 2) produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4–5) sinks filled and the gas accumulates

Hofmann electrolysis apparatus used in electrolysis of water.

Oxygen and MAPP gas compressed-gas cylinders with regulators

An oxygen concentrator in an emphysema patient's house

Low pressure pure is used in space suits.

Most commercially produced is used to smelt and/or decarburize iron.

Water is the most familiar oxygen compound.

Oxides, such as iron oxide or rust, form when oxygen combines with other elements.

The interior of the Apollo 1 Command Module. Pure at higher than normal pressure and a spark led to a fire and the loss of the Apollo 1 crew.

Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8.

Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving.

Many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds, with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show.

Zinc

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Late Roman brass bucket – the Hemmoorer Eimer from Warstade, Germany, second to third century AD

Various alchemical symbols for the element zinc

Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is given credit for first isolating pure zinc

Galvanization was named after Luigi Galvani.

Percentage of zinc output in 2006 by countries

Hot-dip handrail galvanized crystalline surface

Cast brass microstructure at magnification 400x

Zinc oxide is used as a white pigment in paints.

GNC zinc 50 mg tablets. The amount exceeds what is deemed the safe upper limit in the United States (40 mg) and European Union (25 mg)

Zinc gluconate is one compound used for the delivery of zinc as a dietary supplement.

Ribbon diagram of human carbonic anhydrase II, with zinc atom visible in the center

Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India, though it was known to the ancient Romans and Greeks.

The melting point is the lowest of all the d-block metals aside from mercury and cadmium; for this reason among others, zinc, cadmium, and mercury are often not considered to be transition metals like the rest of the d-block metals.

Electron micrograph of a Ni nanocrystal inside a single wall carbon nanotube; scale bar 5 nm.

Nickel

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Widmanstätten pattern showing the two forms of nickel-iron, kamacite and taenite, in an octahedrite meteorite

Color of various Ni(II) complexes in aqueous solution. From left to right,, [Ni(C2H4(NH2)2)]2+, ,

Crystals of hydrated nickel(II) sulfate.

Nickel ores grade evolution in some leading nickel producing countries.

Evolution of the annual nickel extraction, according to ores.

Electrolytically refined nickel nodule, with green, crystallized nickel-electrolyte salts visible in the pores.

Highly purified nickel spheres made by the Mond process.

Nickel foam (top) and its internal structure (bottom)

A "horseshoe magnet" made of alnico nickel alloy.

Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.

It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge.

Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal.

Gold

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A gold nugget of 5 mm in size can be hammered into a gold foil of about 0.5 m2 in area.

Schematic of a NE (left) to SW (right) cross-section through the 2.020-billion-year-old Vredefort impact crater in South Africa and how it distorted the contemporary geological structures. The present erosion level is shown. Johannesburg is located where the Witwatersrand Basin (the yellow layer) is exposed at the "present surface" line, just inside the crater rim, on the left. Not to scale.

Oldest golden artifacts in the world (4600 BC - 4200 BC) from Varna necropolis, Bulgaria - grave offerings on exposition in Varna Museum.

An Indian tribute-bearer at Apadana, from the Achaemenid satrapy of Hindush, carrying gold on a yoke, circa 500 BC.

The Muisca raft, between circa 600-1600 AD. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of El Dorado. The zipa used to cover his body in gold dust, and from his raft, he offered treasures to the Guatavita goddess in the middle of the sacred lake. This old Muisca tradition became the origin of the legend of El Dorado. This Muisca raft figure is on display in the Gold Museum, Bogotá, Colombia.

Ancient golden Kritonios Crown, funerary or marriage material, 370–360 BC. From a grave in Armento, Basilicata

Gold coin of Eucratides I (171–145 BC), one of the Hellenistic rulers of ancient Ai-Khanoum. This is the largest known gold coin minted in antiquity (169.2 g; 58 mm).

Gold crafts from the Philippines prior to Western contact.

The Agusan image, depicting a deity from northeast Mindanao.

A miner underground at Pumsaint gold mine, Wales; c. 1938.

Grasberg mine, Indonesia is the world's largest gold mine.

Relative sizes of an 860 kg block of gold ore and the 30 g of gold that can be extracted from it, Toi gold mine, Japan.

Gold prospecting at the Ivalo River in the Finnish Lapland in 1898

Two golden 20 kr coins from the Scandinavian Monetary Union, which was based on a gold standard. The coin to the left is Swedish and the right one is Danish.

Moche gold necklace depicting feline heads. Larco Museum Collection, Lima, Peru.

A 21.5k yellow gold pendant watch so-called "Boule de Genève" (Geneva ball), ca. 1890.

Cake with gold decoration served at the Amstel Hotel, Amsterdam

Mirror for the James Webb Space Telescope coated in gold to reflect infrared light

Kamakshi Amman Temple with golden roof, Kanchipuram.

Minoan jewellery; 2300–2100 BC; various sizes; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Pair of Sumerian earrings with cuneiform inscriptions; 2093–2046 BC; Sulaymaniyah Museum (Sulaymaniyah, Iraq)

Ancient Egyptian statuette of Amun; 945–715 BC; gold; {{cvt|175x47|mm}}; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Ancient Egyptian signet ring; 664–525 BC; gold; diameter: {{cvt|30|x|34|mm}}; British Museum (London)

Ancient Greek stater; 323–315 BC; {{cvt|18|mm}}; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Etruscan funerary wreath; 4th–3rd century BC; length: {{cvt|333|mm}}; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Roman aureus of Hadrian; 134–138 AD; 7.4 g; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Quimbaya lime container; 5th–9th century; gold; height: {{cvt|230|mm}}; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Byzantine scyphate; 1059–1067; diameter: {{cvt|25|mm}}; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, USA)

Pre-Columbian pendant with two bat-head warriors who carry spears; 11th–16th century; gold; overall: {{cvt|76.2|mm}}; from the Chiriqui Province (Panama); Metropolitan Museum of Art

English Neoclassical box; 1741; overall: {{cvt|44|x|116|x|92|mm}}; Metropolitan Museum of Art

French Rococo glass bottle mounted in gold; circa 1775; overall: {{cvt|70|x|29|mm}}; Cleveland Museum of Art

Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.

It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal in a pure form.

Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element.

Lanthanide

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A solution of 4% holmium oxide in 10% perchloric acid, permanently fused into a quartz cuvette as a wavelength calibration standard

The lanthanide or lanthanoid series of chemical elements comprises the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57–71, from lanthanum through lutetium.

f → f transitions are symmetry forbidden (or Laporte-forbidden), which is also true of transition metals.