A report on Metal, Chemical element and Zinc

Iron, shown here as fragments and a 1 cm3 cube, is an example of a chemical element that is a metal.

The chemical elements ordered in the periodic table

A metal in the form of a gravy boat made from stainless steel, an alloy largely composed of iron, carbon, and chromium

$Estimated distribution of dark matter and dark energy in the universe. Only the fraction of the mass and energy in the universe labeled "atoms" is composed of chemical elements.$

Periodic table showing the cosmogenic origin of each element in the Big Bang, or in large or small stars. Small stars can produce certain elements up to sulfur, by the alpha process. Supernovae are needed to produce "heavy" elements (those beyond iron and nickel) rapidly by neutron buildup, in the r-process. Certain large stars slowly produce other elements heavier than iron, in the s-process; these may then be blown into space in the off-gassing of planetary nebulae

A metal rod with a hot-worked eyelet. Hot-working exploits the capacity of metal to be plastically deformed.

Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, from the Big Bang. The next three elements (Li, Be, B) are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars. The two general trends in the remaining stellar-produced elements are: (1) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers (the Oddo-Harkins rule), and (2) a general decrease in abundance as elements become heavier. Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae.

Late Roman brass bucket – the Hemmoorer Eimer from Warstade, Germany, second to third century AD

Samples of babbitt metal, an alloy of tin, antimony, and copper, used in bearings to reduce friction

Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table: An experiment on a system of elements. Based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities.

Various alchemical symbols for the element zinc

A sculpture cast in nickel silver—an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc that looks like silver

Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is given credit for first isolating pure zinc

Rhodium, a noble metal, shown here as 1 g of powder, a 1 g pressed cylinder, and a 1 g pellet

Galvanization was named after Luigi Galvani.

A sample of diaspore, an aluminum oxide hydroxide mineral, α-AlO(OH)

Percentage of zinc output in 2006 by countries

A neodymium compound alloy magnet of composition Nd2Fe14B on a nickel-iron bracket from a computer hard drive

A pile of compacted steel scraps, ready for recycling

The Artemision Bronze showing either Poseidon or Zeus, c. 460 BCE, National Archaeological Museum, Athens. The figure is more than 2 m in height.

Hot-dip handrail galvanized crystalline surface

Cast brass microstructure at magnification 400x

A disc of highly enriched uranium that was recovered from scrap processed at the Y-12 National Security Complex, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Zinc oxide is used as a white pigment in paints.

White-hot steel pours like water from a 35-ton electric furnace, at the Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, in Brackenridge, Pennsylvania.

GNC zinc 50 mg tablets. The amount exceeds what is deemed the safe upper limit in the United States (40 mg) and European Union (25 mg)

A Ho-Mg-Zn icosahedral quasicrystal formed as a pentagonal dodecahedron, the dual of the icosahedron

Zinc gluconate is one compound used for the delivery of zinc as a dietary supplement.

Body-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 2-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. chromium, iron, and tungsten

Ribbon diagram of human carbonic anhydrase II, with zinc atom visible in the center

Face-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 4-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. aluminum, copper, and gold

Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, with a 6-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. titanium, cobalt, and zinc

Niobium crystals and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} anodized niobium cube for comparison

Molybdenum crystals and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} molybdenum cube for comparison

Tantalum single crystal, some crystalline fragments, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} tantalum cube for comparison

Tungsten rods with evaporated crystals, partially oxidized with colorful tarnish, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} tungsten cube for comparison

alt=Three, dark broccoli shaped clumps of oxidised lead with grossly distended buds, and a cube of lead which has a dull silvery appearance.| oxidised lead

alt=A silvery molasses-like liquid being poured into a circular container with a height equivalent to a smaller coin on its edge| Mercury being

Electrum, a natural alloy of silver and gold, was often used for making coins. Shown is the Roman god Apollo, and on the obverse, a Delphi tripod (circa 310–305 BCE).

A plate made of pewter, an alloy of 85–99% tin and (usually) copper. Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East.

A pectoral (ornamental breastplate) made of tumbaga, an alloy of gold and copper

Arsenic, sealed in a container to prevent tarnishing

Bismuth in crystalline form, with a very thin oxidation layer, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} bismuth cube

Potassium pearls under paraffin oil. Size of the largest pearl is 0.5 cm.

Aluminum chunk, 2.6 grams, {{nowrap|1=1 x 2 cm}}

Scandium, including a 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

Lutetium, including a 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

- Zinc

A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride.

- Metal

Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India, though it was known to the ancient Romans and Greeks.

- Zinc

A first distinction is between metals, which readily conduct electricity, nonmetals, which do not, and a small group, (the metalloids), having intermediate properties and often behaving as semiconductors.

- Chemical element

One or more of the elements iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc are essential to all higher forms of life.

- Metal

Ten materials familiar to various prehistoric cultures are now known to be chemical elements: Carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sulfur, tin, and zinc.

- Chemical element

9 related topics with Alpha

Periodic table

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3D views of some hydrogen-like atomic orbitals showing probability density and phase (g orbitals and higher are not shown)

Idealized order of shell-filling (most accurate for n  ≲ 4.)

Graph of first ionisation energies of the elements in electronvolts (predictions used for elements 105–118)

Flowing liquid mercury. Its liquid state at room temperature is a result of special relativity.

A periodic table colour-coded to show some commonly used sets of similar elements. The categories and their boundaries differ somewhat between sources. Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Lanthanides
Actinides
Transition metals Other metals
Metalloids
Other nonmetals
Halogens
Noble gases

One possible form of the extended periodic table to element 172, suggested by Finnish chemist Pekka Pyykkö. Deviations from the Madelung order (8s < < 6f < 7d < 8p) begin to appear at elements 139 and 140, though for the most part it continues to hold approximately.

Otto Theodor Benfey's spiral periodic table (1964)

Arsenic, an element often called a semi-metal or metalloid

The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the (chemical) elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements.

Trends run through the periodic table, with nonmetallic character (keeping their own electrons) increasing from left to right across a period, and from down to up across a group, and metallic character (surrendering electrons to other atoms) increasing in the opposite direction.

At zinc, the 3d orbitals are completely filled with a total of ten electrons.

A pound coin (density ~7.6 g/cm3) floats on mercury due to the combination of the buoyant force and surface tension.

Mercury (element)

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Mercury-discharge spectral calibration lamp

The symbol for the planet Mercury (☿) has been used since ancient times to represent the element

Native mercury with cinnabar, Socrates mine, Sonoma County, California. Cinnabar sometimes alters to native mercury in the oxidized zone of mercury deposits.

The bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer

A single-pole, single-throw (SPST) mercury switch

Amount of atmospheric mercury deposited at Wyoming's Upper Fremont Glacier over the last 270 years

EPA workers clean up residential mercury spill in 2004

The deep violet glow of a mercury vapor discharge in a germicidal lamp, whose spectrum is rich in invisible ultraviolet radiation.

Skin tanner containing a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp and two infrared lamps, which act both as light source and electrical ballast

The miniaturized Deep Space Atomic Clock is a linear ion-trap-based mercury ion clock, designed for precise and real-time radio navigation in deep space.

Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80.

Several other first row transition metals with the exception of manganese, copper and zinc are also resistant in forming amalgams.

They believed that different metals could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of sulfur contained within the mercury.

Copper-germanium alloy pellets, likely ~84% Cu; 16% Ge. When combined with silver the result is a tarnish resistant sterling silver. Also shown are two silver pellets.

Metalloid

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Arsenic trioxide or white arsenic, one of the most toxic and prevalent forms of arsenic. The antileukaemic properties of white arsenic were first reported in 1878.

Optical fibers, usually made of pure silicon dioxide glass, with additives such as boron trioxide or germanium dioxide for increased sensitivity

Archaic blue light signal, fuelled by a mixture of sodium nitrate, sulfur, and (red) arsenic trisulfide

Semiconductor-based electronic components. From left to right: a transistor, an integrated circuit, and an LED. The elements commonly recognised as metalloids find widespread use in such devices, as elemental or compound semiconductor constituents (Si, Ge or GaAs, for example) or as doping agents (B, Sb, Te, for example).

Boron, shown here in the form of its β-rhombohedral phase (its most thermodynamically stable allotrope)

Silicon has a blue-grey metallic lustre.

Germanium is sometimes described as a metal

Tellurium, described by Dmitri Mendeleev as forming a transition between metals and nonmetals

Carbon (as graphite). Delocalized valence electrons within the layers of graphite give it a metallic appearance.

High purity aluminium is much softer than its familiar alloys. People who handle it for the first time often ask if it is the real thing.

Grey selenium, being a photoconductor, conducts electricity around 1,000 times better when light falls on it, a property used since the mid-1870s in various light-sensing applications

Iodine crystals, showing a metallic lustre. Iodine is a semiconductor in the direction of its planes, with a band gap of ~1.3 eV. It has an electrical conductivity of 1.7 × 10−8 S•cm−1 at room temperature. This is higher than selenium but lower than boron, the least electrically conducting of the recognised metalloids.

White tin (left) and grey tin (right). Both forms have a metallic appearance.

A metalloid is a type of chemical element which has a preponderance of properties in between, or that are a mixture of, those of metals and nonmetals.

These elements include hydrogen, beryllium, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, zinc, gallium, tin, iodine, lead, bismuth, and radon.

Periodic table highlighting the first row of each block. Helium (He), as a noble gas, is normally shown over neon (Ne) with the rest of the noble gases. The elements within scope of this article are inside the thick black borders. The status of oganesson (Og, element 118) is not yet known.

Nonmetal

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[[File:Nonmetals in the periodic table.png|thumb|upright=0.85|

Electronegativity values of the group 16 chalcogen elements showing a W-shaped alternation or secondary periodicity going down the group

Modern periodic table extract showing nonmetal subclasses.
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† moderately strong oxidising agent
‡ strong oxidising agent

A small (about 2 cm long) piece of rapidly melting argon ice

A cluster of purple fluorite, a fluorine mineral, between two quartzes

Selenium conducts electricity around 1,000 times better when light falls on it, a property used since the mid-1870s in light-sensing applications.

A crystal of realgar, also known as "ruby sulphur" or "ruby of arsenic", an arsenic sulfide mineral As4S4

Brownish crystals of buckminsterfullerene С60, a semiconducting allotrope of carbon

Germanium occurs in some zinc-copper-lead ore bodies, in quantities sufficient to justify extraction. The pure form costs $360 per 100 grams, as at February 2022.

In chemistry, a nonmetal is a chemical element that generally lacks a predominance of metallic properties; they range from colorless gases (like hydrogen) to shiny and high melting point solids (like boron).

ores, as processing byproducts—germanium (zinc ores); arsenic (copper and lead ores); selenium, tellurium (copper ores); and radon (uranium-bearing ores).

Silver

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The three common silver halide precipitates: from left to right, silver iodide, silver bromide, and silver chloride.

Structure of the diamminesilver(I) complex, [Ag(NH3)2]+

Different colors of silver–copper–gold alloys

Silver mining and processing in Kutná Hora, Bohemia, 1490s

16th-century fresco painting of Judas being paid thirty pieces of silver for his betrayal of Jesus

Acanthite sample from the Imider mine in Morocco

A 2004 American Silver Eagle bullion coin, minted in .999 fine silver.

Embossed silver sarcophagus of Saint Stanislaus in the Wawel Cathedral was created in main centers of the 17th century European silversmithery - Augsburg and Gdańsk

A tray of South Asian sweets, with some pieces covered with shiny silver vark

Proto-Elamite kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel; 3100–2900 BC; 16.3 x 6.3 x 10.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Ancient Egyptian figurine of Horus as falcon god with an Egyptian crown; circa 500 BC; silver and electrum; height: 26.9 cm; Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst (Munich, Germany)

Ancient Greek tetradrachm; 315–308 BC; diameter: 2.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Ancient Greek gilded bowl; 2nd–1st century BC; height: 7.6 cm, dimeter: 14.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Roman plate; 1st–2nd century AD; height: 0.1 cm, diameter: 12.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Roman bust of Serapis; 2nd century; 15.6 x 9.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Auricular basin with scenes from the story of Diana and Actaeon; 1613; length: 50 cm, height: 6 cm, width: 40 cm; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)

French Rococo tureen; 1749; height: 26.3 cm, width: 39 cm, depth: 24 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

French Rococo coffeepot; 1757; height: 29.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

French Neoclassical ewer; 1784–1785; height: 32.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Neo-Rococo coffeepot; 1845; overall: 32 x 23.8 x 15.4 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, USA)

French Art Nouveau dessert spoons; circa 1890; Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum (New York City)

Art Nouveau jardinière; circa 1905–1910; height: 22 cm, width: 47 cm, depth: 22.5 cm; Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum

Hand mirror; 1906; height: 20.7 cm, weight: 88 g; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)

Mystery watch; ca. 1889; diameter: 5.4 cm, depth: 1.8 cm; Musée d'Horlogerie of Le Locle, (Switzerland)

Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-Indo-European h₂erǵ: "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47.

A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal.

Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.

Transition metal

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In chemistry, the term transition metal (or transition element) has three possible definitions:

From left to right, aqueous solutions of: (red); (orange); (yellow); (turquoise); (blue); (purple).

Oxidation states of the transition metals. The solid dots show common oxidation states, and the hollow dots show possible but unlikely states.

The IUPAC definition defines a transition metal as "an element whose atom has a partially filled d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell".

Cotton and Wilkinson expand the brief IUPAC definition (see above) by specifying which elements are included. As well as the elements of groups 4 to 11, they add scandium and yttrium in group 3, which have a partially filled d sub-shell in the metallic state. Lanthanum and actinium, which they consider group 3 elements, are however classified as lanthanides and actinides respectively.

Zinc, cadmium, and mercury are sometimes excluded from the transition metals, as they have the electronic configuration [ ]d10s2, with no incomplete d shell.

Sodium

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A positive flame test for sodium has a bright yellow color.

The structure of sodium chloride, showing octahedral coordination around Na+ and Cl− centres. This framework disintegrates when dissolved in water and reassembles when the water evaporates.

Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of sodium stearate, a typical soap.

The structure of the complex of sodium (Na+, shown in yellow) and the antibiotic monensin-A.

NaK phase diagram, showing the melting point of sodium as a function of potassium concentration. NaK with 77% potassium is eutectic and has the lowest melting point of the NaK alloys at −12.6 °C.

Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.

It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal.

Group 12 metals (zinc, cadmium and mercury) are known to make alloys with sodium.

Tin

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Ceremonial giant bronze dirk of the Plougrescant-Ommerschans type, Plougrescant, France, 1500–1300 BC.

Ball-and-stick models of the structure of solid stannous chloride.

Sample of cassiterite, the main ore of tin

World production and price (US exchange) of tin.

World consumption of refined tin by end-use, 2006

A 21st-century reproduction barn lantern made of punched tin.

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.

When bent, the so-called "tin cry" can be heard as a result of twinning in tin crystals; this trait is shared by indium, cadmium, zinc, and mercury in the solid state.

Tin is a soft, malleable, ductile and highly crystalline silvery-white metal.

High-resolution STEM-HAADF micrograph of Al atoms viewed along the [001] zone axis.

Aluminium

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Aluminium hydrolysis as a function of pH. Coordinated water molecules are omitted. (Data from Baes and Mesmer)

Structure of trimethylaluminium, a compound that features five-coordinate carbon.

Bauxite, a major aluminium ore. The red-brown color is due to the presence of iron oxide minerals.

The statue of Anteros in Piccadilly Circus, London, was made in 1893 and is one of the first statues cast in aluminium.

World production of aluminium since 1900

1897 American advertisement featuring the aluminum spelling

Common bins for recyclable waste along with a bin for unrecyclable waste. The bin with a yellow top is labeled "aluminum". Rhodes, Greece.

Aluminium-bodied Austin A40 Sports (c. 1951)

Laser deposition of alumina on a substrate

Schematic of aluminium absorption by human skin.

There are five major aluminium forms absorbed by human body: the free solvated trivalent cation (Al3+(aq)); low-molecular-weight, neutral, soluble complexes (LMW-Al0(aq)); high-molecular-weight, neutral, soluble complexes (HMW-Al0(aq)); low-molecular-weight, charged, soluble complexes (LMW-Al(L)n+/−(aq)); nano and micro-particulates (Al(L)n(s)). They are transported across cell membranes or cell epi-/endothelia through five major routes: (1) paracellular; (2) transcellular; (3) active transport; (4) channels; (5) adsorptive or receptor-mediated endocytosis.

"Bauxite tailings" storage facility in Stade, Germany. The aluminium industry generates about 70 million tons of this waste annually.

Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13.

Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel.

The main alloying agents are copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and silicon (e.g., duralumin) with the levels of other metals in a few percent by weight.