A report on Metal and Chemical element

Iron, shown here as fragments and a 1 cm3 cube, is an example of a chemical element that is a metal.

The chemical elements ordered in the periodic table

A metal in the form of a gravy boat made from stainless steel, an alloy largely composed of iron, carbon, and chromium

$Estimated distribution of dark matter and dark energy in the universe. Only the fraction of the mass and energy in the universe labeled "atoms" is composed of chemical elements.$

Periodic table showing the cosmogenic origin of each element in the Big Bang, or in large or small stars. Small stars can produce certain elements up to sulfur, by the alpha process. Supernovae are needed to produce "heavy" elements (those beyond iron and nickel) rapidly by neutron buildup, in the r-process. Certain large stars slowly produce other elements heavier than iron, in the s-process; these may then be blown into space in the off-gassing of planetary nebulae

A metal rod with a hot-worked eyelet. Hot-working exploits the capacity of metal to be plastically deformed.

Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, from the Big Bang. The next three elements (Li, Be, B) are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars. The two general trends in the remaining stellar-produced elements are: (1) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers (the Oddo-Harkins rule), and (2) a general decrease in abundance as elements become heavier. Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae.

Samples of babbitt metal, an alloy of tin, antimony, and copper, used in bearings to reduce friction

Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table: An experiment on a system of elements. Based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities.

A sculpture cast in nickel silver—an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc that looks like silver

Rhodium, a noble metal, shown here as 1 g of powder, a 1 g pressed cylinder, and a 1 g pellet

A sample of diaspore, an aluminum oxide hydroxide mineral, α-AlO(OH)

A neodymium compound alloy magnet of composition Nd2Fe14B on a nickel-iron bracket from a computer hard drive

A pile of compacted steel scraps, ready for recycling

The Artemision Bronze showing either Poseidon or Zeus, c. 460 BCE, National Archaeological Museum, Athens. The figure is more than 2 m in height.

A disc of highly enriched uranium that was recovered from scrap processed at the Y-12 National Security Complex, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee

White-hot steel pours like water from a 35-ton electric furnace, at the Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, in Brackenridge, Pennsylvania.

A Ho-Mg-Zn icosahedral quasicrystal formed as a pentagonal dodecahedron, the dual of the icosahedron

Body-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 2-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. chromium, iron, and tungsten

Face-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 4-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. aluminum, copper, and gold

Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, with a 6-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. titanium, cobalt, and zinc

Niobium crystals and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} anodized niobium cube for comparison

Molybdenum crystals and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} molybdenum cube for comparison

Tantalum single crystal, some crystalline fragments, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} tantalum cube for comparison

Tungsten rods with evaporated crystals, partially oxidized with colorful tarnish, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} tungsten cube for comparison

alt=Three, dark broccoli shaped clumps of oxidised lead with grossly distended buds, and a cube of lead which has a dull silvery appearance.| oxidised lead

alt=A silvery molasses-like liquid being poured into a circular container with a height equivalent to a smaller coin on its edge| Mercury being

Electrum, a natural alloy of silver and gold, was often used for making coins. Shown is the Roman god Apollo, and on the obverse, a Delphi tripod (circa 310–305 BCE).

A plate made of pewter, an alloy of 85–99% tin and (usually) copper. Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East.

A pectoral (ornamental breastplate) made of tumbaga, an alloy of gold and copper

Arsenic, sealed in a container to prevent tarnishing

Bismuth in crystalline form, with a very thin oxidation layer, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} bismuth cube

Potassium pearls under paraffin oil. Size of the largest pearl is 0.5 cm.

Aluminum chunk, 2.6 grams, {{nowrap|1=1 x 2 cm}}

Scandium, including a 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

Lutetium, including a 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride.

- Metal

A first distinction is between metals, which readily conduct electricity, nonmetals, which do not, and a small group, (the metalloids), having intermediate properties and often behaving as semiconductors.

- Chemical element

27 related topics with Alpha

Crystals of osmium, a heavy metal nearly twice as dense as lead

Heavy metals

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In a cello (example shown above) or a viola the C-string sometimes incorporates tungsten; its high density permits a smaller diameter string and improves responsiveness.

The Statue of Liberty. A stainless steel alloy armature provides structural strength; a copper skin confers corrosion resistance.

Cerium(IV) oxide (sample shown above) is used as a catalyst in self-cleaning ovens.

Neodymium sulfate (Nd2(SO4)3), used to colour glassware

The Topaz Solar Farm, in southern California, features nine million cadmium-tellurium photovoltaic modules covering an area of 25.6 km2.

An X-ray tube with a rotating anode, typically a tungsten-rhenium alloy on a molybdenum core, backed with graphite

alt=A silvery finger of chromium irregularly encrusted with diamond-like chunks of chromium of varying size. There is also a one-third sized version of the finger and three roughly hewn gem-like chunks of chromium, as well as the cube. There is a partial reflection of one of the three gem-like chunks in one of the faces of the cube.| Chromium crystals and 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

alt=Two dull silver clusters of crystalline shards| Arsenic, sealed in a container to stop tarnishing

alt=A more or less smooth silvery finger of cadmium with some slightly angled faces plus a dull cube| Cadmium bar and 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

alt=A silvery molasses- like liquid being poured into a circular container with a height equivalent to a smaller coin on its edge| Mercury being poured into a petri dish

Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.

The definitions surveyed in this article encompass up to 96 out of the 118 known chemical elements; only mercury, lead and bismuth meet all of them.

Silver

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The three common silver halide precipitates: from left to right, silver iodide, silver bromide, and silver chloride.

Structure of the diamminesilver(I) complex, [Ag(NH3)2]+

Different colors of silver–copper–gold alloys

Silver mining and processing in Kutná Hora, Bohemia, 1490s

16th-century fresco painting of Judas being paid thirty pieces of silver for his betrayal of Jesus

Acanthite sample from the Imider mine in Morocco

A 2004 American Silver Eagle bullion coin, minted in .999 fine silver.

Embossed silver sarcophagus of Saint Stanislaus in the Wawel Cathedral was created in main centers of the 17th century European silversmithery - Augsburg and Gdańsk

A tray of South Asian sweets, with some pieces covered with shiny silver vark

Proto-Elamite kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel; 3100–2900 BC; 16.3 x 6.3 x 10.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Ancient Egyptian figurine of Horus as falcon god with an Egyptian crown; circa 500 BC; silver and electrum; height: 26.9 cm; Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst (Munich, Germany)

Ancient Greek tetradrachm; 315–308 BC; diameter: 2.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Ancient Greek gilded bowl; 2nd–1st century BC; height: 7.6 cm, dimeter: 14.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Roman plate; 1st–2nd century AD; height: 0.1 cm, diameter: 12.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Roman bust of Serapis; 2nd century; 15.6 x 9.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Auricular basin with scenes from the story of Diana and Actaeon; 1613; length: 50 cm, height: 6 cm, width: 40 cm; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)

French Rococo tureen; 1749; height: 26.3 cm, width: 39 cm, depth: 24 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

French Rococo coffeepot; 1757; height: 29.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

French Neoclassical ewer; 1784–1785; height: 32.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Neo-Rococo coffeepot; 1845; overall: 32 x 23.8 x 15.4 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, USA)

French Art Nouveau dessert spoons; circa 1890; Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum (New York City)

Art Nouveau jardinière; circa 1905–1910; height: 22 cm, width: 47 cm, depth: 22.5 cm; Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum

Hand mirror; 1906; height: 20.7 cm, weight: 88 g; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)

Mystery watch; ca. 1889; diameter: 5.4 cm, depth: 1.8 cm; Musée d'Horlogerie of Le Locle, (Switzerland)

Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-Indo-European h₂erǵ: "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47.

A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal.

Uranium

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Various militaries use depleted uranium as high-density penetrators.

The most visible civilian use of uranium is as the thermal power source used in nuclear power plants.

Uranium ceramic glaze glowing under UV light Design and developed by Dr. Sencer Sarı

Uranium glass used as lead-in seals in a vacuum capacitor

The planet Uranus, which uranium is named after

Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity by exposing a photographic plate to uranium in 1896.

Cubes and cuboids of uranium produced during the Manhattan project

The mushroom cloud over Hiroshima after the dropping of the uranium-based atomic bomb nicknamed 'Little Boy'

Four light bulbs lit with electricity generated from the first artificial electricity-producing nuclear reactor, EBR-I (1951)

U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2005

Uraninite, also known as pitchblende, is the most common ore mined to extract uranium.

The evolution of Earth's radiogenic heat flow over time: contribution from 235U in red and from 238U in green

Citrobacter species can have concentrations of uranium in their cells 300 times the level of the surrounding environment.

Monthly uranium spot price in US$ per pound. The 2007 price peak is clearly visible.

Uranium in its oxidation states III, IV, V, VI

Uranium hexafluoride is the feedstock used to separate uranium-235 from natural uranium.

Cascades of gas centrifuges are used to enrich uranium ore to concentrate its fissionable isotopes.

World uranium production (mines) and demand<ref name="WNA-WUM" />

alt=A yellow sand-like rhombic mass on black background.|Yellowcake is a concentrated mixture of uranium oxides that is further refined to extract pure uranium.

Uranium is a chemical element with the symbol U and atomic number 92.

It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table.

Crystal structure common to Sb, AsSb and gray As

Arsenic

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The arsenic labyrinth, part of Botallack Mine, Cornwall

Satirical cartoon by Honoré Daumier of a chemist giving a public demonstration of arsenic, 1841

Roxarsone is a controversial arsenic compound used as a feed ingredient for chickens.

An improved rice cooking approach to maximise arsenic removal while preserving nutrient elements

Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As and atomic number 33.

Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in combination with sulfur and metals, but also as a pure elemental crystal.

Carbon

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Some allotropes of carbon: a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d–f) fullerenes (C60, C540, C70); g) amorphous carbon; h) carbon nanotube

Comet C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) surrounded by glowing carbon vapor

Graphite ore, shown with a penny for scale

"Present day" (1990s) sea surface dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (from the GLODAP climatology)

Diagram of the carbon cycle. The black numbers indicate how much carbon is stored in various reservoirs, in billions tonnes ("GtC" stands for gigatonnes of carbon; figures are circa 2004). The purple numbers indicate how much carbon moves between reservoirs each year. The sediments, as defined in this diagram, do not include the ≈70 million GtC of carbonate rock and kerogen.

Structural formula of methane, the simplest possible organic compound.

Correlation between the carbon cycle and formation of organic compounds. In plants, carbon dioxide formed by carbon fixation can join with water in photosynthesis ( green ) to form organic compounds, which can be used and further converted by both plants and animals.

This anthracene derivative contains a carbon atom with 5 formal electron pairs around it.

Pencil leads for mechanical pencils are made of graphite (often mixed with a clay or synthetic binder).

Worker at carbon black plant in Sunray, Texas (photo by John Vachon, 1942)

Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6.

This results in a lower bulk electrical conductivity for carbon than for most metals.

Gold

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A gold nugget of 5 mm in size can be hammered into a gold foil of about 0.5 m2 in area.

Schematic of a NE (left) to SW (right) cross-section through the 2.020-billion-year-old Vredefort impact crater in South Africa and how it distorted the contemporary geological structures. The present erosion level is shown. Johannesburg is located where the Witwatersrand Basin (the yellow layer) is exposed at the "present surface" line, just inside the crater rim, on the left. Not to scale.

Oldest golden artifacts in the world (4600 BC - 4200 BC) from Varna necropolis, Bulgaria - grave offerings on exposition in Varna Museum.

An Indian tribute-bearer at Apadana, from the Achaemenid satrapy of Hindush, carrying gold on a yoke, circa 500 BC.

The Muisca raft, between circa 600-1600 AD. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of El Dorado. The zipa used to cover his body in gold dust, and from his raft, he offered treasures to the Guatavita goddess in the middle of the sacred lake. This old Muisca tradition became the origin of the legend of El Dorado. This Muisca raft figure is on display in the Gold Museum, Bogotá, Colombia.

Ancient golden Kritonios Crown, funerary or marriage material, 370–360 BC. From a grave in Armento, Basilicata

Gold coin of Eucratides I (171–145 BC), one of the Hellenistic rulers of ancient Ai-Khanoum. This is the largest known gold coin minted in antiquity (169.2 g; 58 mm).

Gold crafts from the Philippines prior to Western contact.

The Agusan image, depicting a deity from northeast Mindanao.

A miner underground at Pumsaint gold mine, Wales; c. 1938.

Grasberg mine, Indonesia is the world's largest gold mine.

Relative sizes of an 860 kg block of gold ore and the 30 g of gold that can be extracted from it, Toi gold mine, Japan.

Gold prospecting at the Ivalo River in the Finnish Lapland in 1898

Two golden 20 kr coins from the Scandinavian Monetary Union, which was based on a gold standard. The coin to the left is Swedish and the right one is Danish.

Moche gold necklace depicting feline heads. Larco Museum Collection, Lima, Peru.

A 21.5k yellow gold pendant watch so-called "Boule de Genève" (Geneva ball), ca. 1890.

Cake with gold decoration served at the Amstel Hotel, Amsterdam

Mirror for the James Webb Space Telescope coated in gold to reflect infrared light

Kamakshi Amman Temple with golden roof, Kanchipuram.

Minoan jewellery; 2300–2100 BC; various sizes; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Pair of Sumerian earrings with cuneiform inscriptions; 2093–2046 BC; Sulaymaniyah Museum (Sulaymaniyah, Iraq)

Ancient Egyptian statuette of Amun; 945–715 BC; gold; {{cvt|175x47|mm}}; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Ancient Egyptian signet ring; 664–525 BC; gold; diameter: {{cvt|30|x|34|mm}}; British Museum (London)

Ancient Greek stater; 323–315 BC; {{cvt|18|mm}}; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Etruscan funerary wreath; 4th–3rd century BC; length: {{cvt|333|mm}}; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Roman aureus of Hadrian; 134–138 AD; 7.4 g; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Quimbaya lime container; 5th–9th century; gold; height: {{cvt|230|mm}}; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Byzantine scyphate; 1059–1067; diameter: {{cvt|25|mm}}; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, USA)

Pre-Columbian pendant with two bat-head warriors who carry spears; 11th–16th century; gold; overall: {{cvt|76.2|mm}}; from the Chiriqui Province (Panama); Metropolitan Museum of Art

English Neoclassical box; 1741; overall: {{cvt|44|x|116|x|92|mm}}; Metropolitan Museum of Art

French Rococo glass bottle mounted in gold; circa 1775; overall: {{cvt|70|x|29|mm}}; Cleveland Museum of Art

Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.

It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal in a pure form.