A report on Chemical element

The chemical elements ordered in the periodic table
Estimated distribution of dark matter and dark energy in the universe. Only the fraction of the mass and energy in the universe labeled "atoms" is composed of chemical elements.
Periodic table showing the cosmogenic origin of each element in the Big Bang, or in large or small stars. Small stars can produce certain elements up to sulfur, by the alpha process. Supernovae are needed to produce "heavy" elements (those beyond iron and nickel) rapidly by neutron buildup, in the r-process. Certain large stars slowly produce other elements heavier than iron, in the s-process; these may then be blown into space in the off-gassing of planetary nebulae
Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, from the Big Bang. The next three elements (Li, Be, B) are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars. The two general trends in the remaining stellar-produced elements are: (1) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers (the Oddo-Harkins rule), and (2) a general decrease in abundance as elements become heavier. Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae.
Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table: An experiment on a system of elements. Based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities.
Dmitri Mendeleev
Henry Moseley

Species of atoms that have a given number of protons in their nuclei, including the pure substance consisting only of that species.

- Chemical element
The chemical elements ordered in the periodic table

148 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Emission spectrum of radon, photographed by Ernest Rutherford in 1908. Numbers at the side of the spectrum are wavelengths. The middle spectrum is of Radium emanation (radon), while the outer two are of helium (added to calibrate the wavelengths).

Radon

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Emission spectrum of radon, photographed by Ernest Rutherford in 1908. Numbers at the side of the spectrum are wavelengths. The middle spectrum is of Radium emanation (radon), while the outer two are of helium (added to calibrate the wavelengths).
The radium or uranium series
Apparatus used by Ramsay and Whytlaw-Gray to isolate radon. M is a capillary tube, where approximately 0.1 mm3 were isolated. Radon mixed with hydrogen entered the evacuated system through siphon A; mercury is shown in black.
210Pb is formed from the decay of 222Rn. Here is a typical deposition rate of 210Pb as observed in Japan as a function of time, due to variations in radon concentration.
Radon concentration next to a uranium mine
Typical log-normal radon distribution in dwellings
Predicted fraction of U.S. homes having concentrations of radon exceeding the EPA's recommended action level of 4 pCi/L
A digital radon detector
A radon test kit

Radon is a chemical element with the symbol Rn and atomic number 86.

Droplet of solidified molten tin

Tin

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Droplet of solidified molten tin
Ceremonial giant bronze dirk of the Plougrescant-Ommerschans type, Plougrescant, France, 1500–1300 BC.
Ball-and-stick models of the structure of solid stannous chloride.
Sample of cassiterite, the main ore of tin
World production and price (US exchange) of tin.
World consumption of refined tin by end-use, 2006
A coil of lead-free solder wire
Tin plated metal from a can.
Pewter plate
Artisans working with tin sheets.
A 21st-century reproduction barn lantern made of punched tin.

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.

Drifting smoke particles indicate the movement of the surrounding gas.

Gas

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One of the four fundamental states of matter .

One of the four fundamental states of matter .

Drifting smoke particles indicate the movement of the surrounding gas.
Shuttle imagery of re-entry phase
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Random motion of gas particles results in diffusion.
21 April 1990 eruption of Mount Redoubt, Alaska, illustrating real gases not in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Boyle's equipment
Dalton's notation.
Compressibility factors for air.
Satellite view of weather pattern in vicinity of Robinson Crusoe Islands on 15 September 1999, shows a turbulent cloud pattern called a Kármán vortex street
Delta wing in wind tunnel. The shadows form as the indices of refraction change within the gas as it compresses on the leading edge of this wing.

A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide).

Wolframite mineral, with a scale in cm

Tungsten

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Wolframite mineral, with a scale in cm
Structure of W6Cl18 ("tungsten trichloride")
Tungsten mining in Rwanda forms an important part of the country's economy.
Close-up of a tungsten filament inside a halogen lamp
Tungsten carbide jewelry
Tungsten electrode used in a gas tungsten arc welding torch

Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with the symbol W and atomic number 74.

High-purity caesium-133 stored in argon.

Caesium

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High-purity caesium-133 stored in argon.
Caesium crystals (golden) compared to rubidium crystals (silvery)
Ball-and-stick model of the cubic coordination of Cs and Cl in CsCl
Monatomic caesium halide wires grown inside double-wall carbon nanotubes (TEM image).
cluster
Decay of caesium-137
Pollucite, a caesium mineral
Gustav Kirchhoff (left) and Robert Bunsen (centre) discovered caesium with their newly invented spectroscope.
Atomic clock ensemble at the U.S. Naval Observatory
FOCS-1, a continuous cold caesium fountain atomic clock in Switzerland, started operating in 2004 at an uncertainty of one second in 30 million years
Caesium chloride powder
Schematics of an electrostatic ion thruster developed for use with caesium or mercury fuel
The portion of the total radiation dose (in air) contributed by each isotope plotted against time after the Chernobyl disaster. Caesium-137 became the primary source of radiation about 200 days after the accident.

Caesium (IUPAC spelling ) (or cesium in American English) is a chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55.

In the periodic table of the elements, each numbered row is a period.

Period (periodic table)

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In the periodic table of the elements, each numbered row is a period.
The Madelung energy ordering rule describes the order in which orbitals are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule. Each diagonal corresponds to a different value of n + l.
From left to right, aqueous solutions of: Co(NO3)2 (red); K2Cr2O7 (orange); K2CrO4 (yellow); NiCl2 (green); CuSO4 (blue); KMnO4 (purple).

A period in the periodic table is a row of chemical elements.

A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom

Water

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Inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent ).

Inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent ).

A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
The three common states of matter
Phase diagram of water (simplified)
Tetrahedral structure of water
Model of hydrogen bonds (1) between molecules of water
Water cycle
Overview of photosynthesis (green) and respiration (red)
Water fountain
An environmental science program – a student from Iowa State University sampling water
Total water withdrawals for agricultural, industrial and municipal purposes per capita, measured in cubic metres (m³) per year in 2010
A young girl drinking bottled water
Water availability: the fraction of the population using improved water sources by country
Roadside fresh water outlet from glacier, Nubra
Hazard symbol for non-potable water
Water is used for fighting wildfires.
San Andrés island, Colombia
Water can be used to cook foods such as noodles
Sterile water for injection
Band 5 ALMA receiver is an instrument specifically designed to detect water in the universe.
South polar ice cap of Mars during Martian south summer 2000
An estimate of the proportion of people in developing countries with access to potable water 1970–2000
People come to Inda Abba Hadera spring (Inda Sillasie, Ethiopia) to wash in holy water
Icosahedron as a part of Spinoza monument in Amsterdam.
Water requirement per tonne of food product
Irrigation of field crops
Specific heat capacity of water

Liquid water can be split into the elements hydrogen and oxygen by passing an electric current through it—a process called electrolysis.

Native copper

Native element mineral

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Native copper
Native gold
Native silver
Native sulfur
Diamond (native carbon)

Native element minerals are those elements that occur in nature in uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure.

Logarithm of the relative energy output (ε) of proton–proton (PP), CNO and Triple-α fusion processes at different temperatures (T). The dashed line shows the combined energy generation of the PP and CNO processes within a star. At the Sun's core temperature, the PP process is more efficient.

Stellar nucleosynthesis

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Logarithm of the relative energy output (ε) of proton–proton (PP), CNO and Triple-α fusion processes at different temperatures (T). The dashed line shows the combined energy generation of the PP and CNO processes within a star. At the Sun's core temperature, the PP process is more efficient.
In 1920, Arthur Eddington proposed that stars obtained their energy from nuclear fusion of hydrogen to form helium and also raised the possibility that the heavier elements are produced in stars.
Cross section of a supergiant showing nucleosynthesis and elements formed.
A version of the periodic table indicating the origins – including stellar nucleosynthesis – of the elements.

Stellar nucleosynthesis is the creation (nucleosynthesis) of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions within stars.

Emission spectrum for sodium, showing the D line.

Sodium

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Emission spectrum for sodium, showing the D line.
A positive flame test for sodium has a bright yellow color.
The structure of sodium chloride, showing octahedral coordination around Na+ and Cl− centres. This framework disintegrates when dissolved in water and reassembles when the water evaporates.
Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of sodium stearate, a typical soap.
The structure of the complex of sodium (Na+, shown in yellow) and the antibiotic monensin-A.
NaK phase diagram, showing the melting point of sodium as a function of potassium concentration. NaK with 77% potassium is eutectic and has the lowest melting point of the NaK alloys at −12.6 °C.

Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.