A report on Chemical element

The chemical elements ordered in the periodic table

$Estimated distribution of dark matter and dark energy in the universe. Only the fraction of the mass and energy in the universe labeled "atoms" is composed of chemical elements.$

Periodic table showing the cosmogenic origin of each element in the Big Bang, or in large or small stars. Small stars can produce certain elements up to sulfur, by the alpha process. Supernovae are needed to produce "heavy" elements (those beyond iron and nickel) rapidly by neutron buildup, in the r-process. Certain large stars slowly produce other elements heavier than iron, in the s-process; these may then be blown into space in the off-gassing of planetary nebulae

Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, from the Big Bang. The next three elements (Li, Be, B) are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars. The two general trends in the remaining stellar-produced elements are: (1) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers (the Oddo-Harkins rule), and (2) a general decrease in abundance as elements become heavier. Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae.

Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table: An experiment on a system of elements. Based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities.

Species of atoms that have a given number of protons in their nuclei, including the pure substance consisting only of that species.

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Rococo set of personification figurines of the Four Elements, 1760s, Chelsea porcelain

Classical element

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Classical elements typically refer to water, earth, fire, air, and (later) aether, which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances.

The four classical elements of Empedocles and Aristotle illustrated with a burning log. The log releases all four elements as it is destroyed.

Seventeenth century alchemical emblem showing the four Classical elements in the corners of the image, alongside the tria prima on the central triangle

Artus Wolffort, The Four Elements, before 1641

Atomic theory classifies atoms into more than a hundred chemical elements such as oxygen, iron, and mercury.

Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in crystalline structure.

Allotropy

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Allotropy or allotropism is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of the elements.

The Sun is a natural fusion reactor, and transmutes light elements into heavier elements through stellar nucleosynthesis, a form of nuclear fusion.

Nuclear transmutation

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Illustration of a proton–proton chain, from hydrogen forming deuterium, helium-3, and regular helium-4.

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one chemical element or an isotope into another chemical element.

Isotopes of hydrogen

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Hydrogen (1H) has three naturally occurring isotopes, sometimes denoted, , and.

Protium, the most common isotope of hydrogen, consists of one proton and one electron. Unique among all stable isotopes, it has no neutrons. (see diproton for a discussion of why others do not exist)

A deuterium atom contains one proton, one neutron, and one electron.

A tritium atom contains one proton, two neutrons, and one electron.

Hydrogen is the only element whose isotopes have different names that remain in common use today: the (or hydrogen-2) isotope is deuterium and the (or hydrogen-3) isotope is tritium.

Polonium

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Polonium is a chemical element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84.

Actinium

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Chemical structure of the DOTA carrier for 225Ac in radiation therapy.

Actinium is a chemical element with the symbol Ac and atomic number 89.

Potassium

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Structure of solid potassium superoxide.

Monte Kali, a potash mining and beneficiation waste heap in Hesse, Germany, consisting mostly of sodium chloride.

Potassium sulfate/magnesium sulfate fertilizer

Potassium is a chemical element with the symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number19.

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

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International federation of National Adhering Organizations working for the advancement of the chemical sciences, especially by developing nomenclature and terminology.

IUPAC's Inter-divisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IUPAC nomenclature) is the recognized world authority in developing standards for the naming of the chemical elements and compounds.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele, discoverer of chlorine

$Chlorine "attack" on an acetal resin plumbing joint resulting from a fractured acetal joint in a water supply system which started at an injection molding defect in the joint and slowly grew until the part failed; the fracture surface shows iron and calcium salts that were deposited in the leaking joint from the water supply before failure and are the indirect result of the chlorine attack$

Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17.

Alchemy

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Ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practiced in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe.

Depiction of Ouroboros from the alchemical treatise Aurora consurgens (15th century), Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Switzerland

Ambix, cucurbit and retort of Zosimos, from Marcelin Berthelot, Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs (3 vol., Paris, 1887–1888).

15th-century artistic impression of Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), Codici Ashburnhamiani 1166, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence.

Taoist alchemists often use this alternate version of the taijitu.

The Alchemist in Search of the Philosopher's Stone, by Joseph Wright, 1771

"An illuminated page from a book on alchemical processes and receipts", ca. 15th century.

Page from alchemic treatise of Ramon Llull, 16th century

The red sun rising over the city, the final illustration of 16th-century alchemical text, Splendor Solis. The word rubedo, meaning "redness", was adopted by alchemists and signalled alchemical success, and the end of the great work.

Alchemist Sendivogius (1566–1636) by Jan Matejko, 1867

An alchemist, pictured in Charles Mackay's Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.

Mandala illustrating common alchemical concepts, symbols, and processes. From Spiegel der Kunst und Natur.

His original system consisted of seven elements, which included the five classical elements (aether, air, earth, fire, and water) in addition to two chemical elements representing the metals: sulphur, "the stone which burns", which characterized the principle of combustibility, and mercury, which contained the idealized principle of metallic properties.