Cherokee and Related Topics

Southeastern U.S. and Indian territories, including Cherokee, Creek, and Chickasaw; 1806

Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)

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Legal, autonomous, tribal government in North America recognized from 1794 to 1907.

The Cherokee Nation Lands in 1830 Georgia, before the Trail of Tears

The Arkansaw Territory division: showing the progression of Indian Territory separation from Arkansas Territory, 1819–1836

Map of Southern United States during the time of the Indian Removals (Trail of Tears), 1830–1838, showing the historic lands of the Five Civilized Tribes. The destination Indian Territory is depicted in light yellow-green.

The Cherokee Braves Flag, as flown by Stand Watie's troop.

Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory, along with No Man's Land (also known as the Oklahoma Panhandle). The division of the two territories is shown with a heavy purple line. Together, these three areas would become the State of Oklahoma in 1907.

The Cherokee Nation Capitol Building and Courthouse, Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Built in 1869, it functioned as the political center of "The Nation" until 1907, and is the oldest public building standing in Oklahoma.

Tahlequah, Oklahoma stop sign, written in English and Cherokee

The second Cherokee Female Seminary was opened in 1889 by the original Cherokee Nation.

The Cherokee Nation consisted of the Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ —pronounced Tsalagi or Cha-la-gee) people of the Qualla Boundary and the southeastern United States; those who relocated voluntarily from the southeastern United States to the Indian Territory (circa 1820 —known as the "Old Settlers"); those who were forced by the Federal government of the United States to relocate (through the Indian Removal Act) by way of the Trail of Tears (1830s); and descendants of the Natchez, the Lenape and the Shawnee peoples, and, after the Civil War and emancipation of slaves, Cherokee Freedmen and their descendants.

Muscogee

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The Muscogee, also known as the Mvskoke, Muscogee Creek, and the Muscogee Creek Confederacy ( in the Muscogee language), are a group of related indigenous (Native American) peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands in the United States of America.

Etowah Mound C, was part of a precontact Mississippian culture site, occupied by ancestors of the Muscogee people from c. 1000–1550 CE, in Cartersville, Georgia

Hernando de Soto and his men burn Mabila, after a surprise attack by Chief Tuskaloosa and his people in 1540; painting by Herb Roe, 2008

The protohistoric King Site, occupied during the mid-1500s

A raiding party against Spanish missions in Florida passes the Ocmulgee trading post

Yamacraw leader Tomochichi and nephew in 1733

Yamacraw Creek Native Americans meet with the trustee of the colony of Georgia in England, July 1734. Notice the Native American boy (in a blue coat) and woman (in a red dress) in European clothing.

William Augustus Bowles (1763–1805) was also known as Estajoca, his Muscogee name.

Painting (1805) of Benjamin Hawkins on his plantation, instructing Muscogee Creek in European technology

The Great Comet of 1811, as drawn by William Henry Smyth

The New Madrid earthquake was interpreted by the Muscogee to support the Shawnee's resistance.

Menawa was one of the principal leaders of the Red Sticks. After the war, he continued to oppose white encroachment on Muscogee lands, visiting Washington, D.C. in 1826 to protest the treaty of Indian Springs. Painted by Charles Bird King, 1837.

Depiction of Red Eagle's surrender to Andrew Jackson after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Jackson was so impressed with Weatherford's boldness that he let him go.

Charles Bird King's portrait of William McIntosh

Members of the Creek Nation in Oklahoma around 1877. They included men of mixed Creek, European and African ancestry.

Selocta (or Shelocta) was a Muscogee chief.

Ceded area as deemed by the Treaty of Fort Jackson in 1814

Muscogee Creek bike messenger, originally from Okmulgee, Oklahoma

Micah Wesley, Muscogee Creek-Kiowa artist and DJ

The Ochese Creeks joined the Yamasee, burning trading posts, and raiding back-country settlers, but the revolt ran low on gunpowder and was put down by Carolinian militia and their Cherokee allies.

Tennessee

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State in the Southeastern region of the United States.

Detail of Tanasi (spelled "Tennessee") on Henry Timberlake's [[:File:Draught of the Cherokee Country.jpg|Draught of the Cherokee Country]]

Reconstruction of Fort Loudoun, the first British settlement in Tennessee

Surveyor Daniel Smith's "Map of the Tennassee State" (1796)

The Hermitage, plantation home of President Andrew Jackson in Nashville

The Battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864

Memphis became known as the "Cotton Capital of the World" in the years following the Civil War

Workers at the Norris Dam construction camp site in 1933

Calutron operators at the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge during the Manhattan Project

The Ocoee River was home to the 1996 Summer Olympics whitewater slalom events, the only Olympic sporting event ever held in the state.

Mount Le Conte in the Great Smoky Mountains is the tallest mountain in eastern North America, measured from base to summit

Fall Creek Falls, the tallest waterfall in the eastern United States, is located on the Cumberland Plateau

Reelfoot Lake in West Tennessee was formed by the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

Cedar glades are an extremely rare ecosystem that is found in regions of Middle Tennessee where limestone bedrock is close to the surface

Köppen climate types of Tennessee, using 1991-2020 climate normals.

A geomap showing the counties of Tennessee colored by the relative range of that county's median income.

Chart showing poverty in Tennessee, by age and gender (red = female)

A Nissan Leaf, one of six models manufactured at the Nissan Smyrna Assembly Plant, the largest automotive assembly plant in North America

Established in 1942, Oak Ridge National Laboratory is the largest national laboratory in the Department of Energy system

Norris Dam, a hydroelectric dam operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority.

The resort city of Gatlinburg borders the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which is the most visited national park in the United States.

The Grand Ole Opry, which was recorded in Nashville's Ryman Auditorium from 1943 to 1974, is the longest-running radio broadcast in US history.

Vanderbilt University in Nashville is consistently ranked as one of the top research institutions in the nation

Interstate 40 traverses Tennessee from east to west, and serves the state's three largest cities.

Memphis International Airport, the hub of FedEx Corporation, is the busiest cargo airport in the world

Al Gore served as a United States Senator from Tennessee (1985-1993) and as Vice President of the United States (1993-2001)

Howard Baker served as Senate Minority and Majority Leader from 1977 to 1985, and was known as "The Great Conciliator"

Its name derives from "Tanasi", a Cherokee town in the eastern part of the state that existed before the first European American settlement.

Trail of Tears

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Series of forced displacements of approximately 60,000 American Indians of the "Five Civilized Tribes" between 1830 and 1850 by the United States government.

A map of the process of Indian Removal, 1830–1838. Oklahoma is depicted in light yellow-green.

Alexis de Tocqueville, French political thinker and historian

Selocta (or Shelocta) was a Muscogee chief who appealed to Andrew Jackson to reduce the demands for Creek lands at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson.

Historic Marker in Marion, Arkansas, for the Trail of Tears

Cherokee Principal Chief John Ross, photographed before his death in 1866

Elizabeth "Betsy" Brown Stephens (1903), a Cherokee Indian who walked the Trail of Tears in 1838

A Trail of Tears map of Southern Illinois from the USDA – U.S. Forest Service

Walkway map at the Cherokee Removal Memorial Park in Tennessee depicting the routes of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears, June 2020

Members of the so-called "Five Civilized Tribes"—the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations (including thousands of their black slaves )—were forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States to areas to the west of the Mississippi River that had been designated Indian Territory.

Five Civilized Tribes

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The Mississippian culture was a mound building Native American urban culture that flourished in the South and Eastern United States before the arrival of Europeans.

Routes of southern removals to the first Indian Territory of the Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee Nation Historic Courthouse in Tahlequah, built in 1849, is the oldest public building standing in Oklahoma.

The term Five Civilized Tribes was applied by European Americans in the colonial and early federal period in the history of the United States to the five major Native American nations in the Southeast—the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muscogee), and Seminole.

The Cherokees are Coming!, an illustration depicting a scout warning the residents of Knoxville, Tennessee, of the approach of a large Cherokee force in September 1793

Cherokee–American wars

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A commander of Fort Patrick Henry sent Henry Timberlake as a token of friendship after the Anglo-Cherokee War. Timberlake later took three Cherokee to London, 1763.

Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through the Cumberland Gap, George Caleb Bingham, oil on canvas, 1851–52

The Wilderness Road and the Transylvania purchase.

The British colonies in North America at the outbreak of the Revolution in 1775, including the locations of the proposed colonies of Charlotiana, Transylvania, and Vandalia

The Abduction of Daniel Boone's Daughter by the Indians by Charles Ferdinand Wimar (1853)

Map of the Cherokee invasion of the Washington District, Pendleton District, and Carter's Valley

The eleven towns in the Chickamauga area, along with the Hiwassee towns and the towns on the Tellico

Timberlake's "Draught of the Cherokee Country", showing the location of the Overhill towns on the Little Tennessee River (labeled Tennessee River on the map)

Coat of arms of the House of Bourbon in Spain

The various hazards of the Tennessee River Gorge, also known as Cash Canyon or The Suck

The primary areas of operations during the Chickamauga Wars

Tennessee River Gorge from Snooper's Rock

The Tellico Blockhouse site, with posts and stone fill showing the original layout

The Cherokee–American wars, also known as the Chickamauga Wars, were a series of raids, campaigns, ambushes, minor skirmishes, and several full-scale frontier battles in the Old Southwest from 1776 to 1794 between the Cherokee and American settlers on the frontier.

Cherokee Nation

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Example of a Cherokee census card for Fairland, Oklahoma from the first few years of the 20th century.

Second Cherokee Female Seminary in Tahlequah (present-day Seminary Hall of Northeastern State University)

Cherokee Nation Historic Courthouse in Tahlequah, built in 1849, is the oldest public building standing in the state of Oklahoma.

Basket weaving workshop sponsored by the nation.

Hastings Shade, medicine man, artist, and former Deputy Chief of the Cherokee Nation

Angel Goodrich, professional basketball player in the WNBA, 2015

The Cherokee Nation (Cherokee: ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ, Tsalagihi Ayeli or ᏣᎳᎩᏰᎵ "Tsalagiyehli"), also known as the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, is the largest of three Cherokee federally recognized tribes in the United States.

Timberlake's "Draught of the Cherokee Country." Timberlake's "Tennessee River" is now known as the Little Tennessee River. North is to the left.

Overhill Cherokee

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Approximate location of the three major Overhill towns in modern East Tennessee. Red lines and letters show modern roads and towns.

The site of Great Hiwassee along US-411 near Etowah, Tennessee. The Hiwassee River is on the left.

The site of Great Tellico in Tellico Plains, Tennessee

Tanasi monument on the shoreline above the now-submerged site of Tanasi.

The now-submerged site of Tuskegee at Fort Loudoun State Park.

The now-submerged site of Tomotley and Toqua in Monroe County, Tennessee

Monument marking the site of the Cherokee village of Chota in Monroe County, Tennessee

The ancient site of Chilhowee is now under Chilhowee Lake, near the junction of US-129 and Foothills Parkway.

Grave site of Cherokee Nancy Ward showing her memorial (right). The other markers are for her son Fivekiller, and her brother Longfellow. The site is situated on a small hill overlooking the Ocoee River near Benton, Tennessee

Overhill Cherokee was the term for the Cherokee people located in their historic settlements in what is now the U.S. state of Tennessee in the Southeastern United States, on the western side of the Appalachian Mountains.

Indian removal

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The United States government policy of forced displacement of self-governing tribes of Native Americans from their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River – specifically, to a designated Indian Territory .

Representatives of the Five Civilized Tribes: (clockwise from upper left) Sequoyah, Pushmataha, Selecta, Osceola, and a typical Chickasaw

After the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1831, approximately 60,000 members of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations (including thousands of their black slaves) were forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands, with thousands dying during the Trail of Tears.