A report on Second Sino-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek and China–Japan relations

(clockwise from top left)Imperial Japanese Navy landing force in military gas masks in the Battle of Shanghai Japanese Type 92 heavy machine gunners during Operation Ichi-Go Victims of the Nanjing Massacre on the shore of the Qinhuai River Chinese machine gun nest in the Battle of Wuhan Japanese aircraft during the bombing of Chongqing Chinese Expeditionary Force marching in India
Chiang in 1943
Former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe (left) and China's paramount leader Xi Jinping (right) meet in Da Nang, Vietnam in November 2017.
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Allied Commander-in-Chief in the China theatre from 1942 to 1945
Chiang Kai-shek in 1907
Embassy of China in Japan.
Japanese troops entering Shenyang during the Mukden Incident
Sun Yat-sen and Chiang at the 1924 opening ceremonies for the Soviet-funded Whampoa Military Academy
Embassy of Japan in China.
Japanese Empire's territorial expansion
Chiang in the early 1920s
The Japanese army launches a general offensive on Tientsin castle during the Boxer Rebellion, 1900.
A baby sits in the remains of a Shanghai train station on 'Bloody Saturday', 1937
Chiang (right) together with Wang Jingwei (left), 1926
Japanese march into Zhengyangmen of Beijing after capturing the city in July 1937.
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek announced the Kuomintang policy of resistance against Japan at Lushan on 10 July 1937, three days after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.
Chiang and Feng Yuxiang in 1928
The Hiroshima-Sichuan Sino-Japanese Friendship Convention Center (Japanese: 広島・四川中日友好会館, Simplified Chinese: 广岛・四川中日友好会馆) in Wuhou District, Chengdu
Japanese landing near Shanghai, November 1937
Chiang during a visit to an air force base in 1945
Japanese troops in the ruins of Shanghai
Chiang and Soong on the cover of Time magazine, 26 October 1931
Japanese ODA to China (1979–2013)
Soviet embassy in Nanjing is being burned down by arson on 1 January 1938.
Nationalist government of Nanking – nominally ruling over entire China in 1930s
A Chinese POW about to be beheaded by a Japanese officer with a shin gunto
After the breakout of the Second Sino-Japanese War, The Young Companion featured Chiang on its cover.
National Revolutionary Army soldiers during the 1938 Yellow River flood
Chiang with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in Cairo, Egypt, November 1943
Map showing the extent of Japanese occupation in 1941 (in red)
Chiang and his wife Soong Mei-ling sharing a laugh with U.S. Lieutenant General Joseph W. Stilwell, Burma, April 1942
Theaters (military operational regions) of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army from late 1938 to early 1940
Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong in 1945
Wang Jingwei and officers of the Collaborationist Chinese Army
Chiang with South Korean President Syngman Rhee in 1949
Chinese soldiers in house-to-house fighting in the Battle of Taierzhuang, March–April 1938
Map of the Chinese Civil War (1946–1950)
National Revolutionary Army soldiers march to the front in 1939.
Chiang with Japanese politician Nobusuke Kishi, in 1957
Eighth Route Army Commander Zhu De with a KMT "Blue Sky, White Sun" emblem cap
Chiang presiding over the 1966 Double Ten celebrations
115th Division of the Eighth Route Army Lieutenant General (NRA rank) Lin Biao in NRA uniform
Chiang with U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in June 1960
War declaration against Japan by the Chongqing Nationalist Government on 9 December 1941
The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a famous monument, landmark, and tourist attraction in Taipei, Taiwan.
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and his wife Madame Chiang with Lieutenant General Joseph Stilwell in 1942, Burma
Chiang's portrait in Tiananmen Rostrum
A United States poster from the United China Relief organization advocating aid to China.
Chinese propaganda poster proclaiming "Long Live the President"
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill met at the Cairo Conference in 1943 during World War II.
A Chinese stamp with Chiang Kai-shek
H. H. Kung and Adolf Hitler in Berlin
Chiang Kai-shek and Winston Churchill heads, with Nationalist China flag and Union Jack
I-16 with Chinese insignia. The I-16 was the main fighter plane used by the Chinese Air Force and Soviet volunteers.
Statue of Chiang Kai-shek in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Flying Tigers Commander Claire Lee Chennault
Duke of Zhou
A "blood chit" issued to American Volunteer Group pilots requesting all Chinese to offer rescue and protection
Chiang Kai-shek with the Muslim General Ma Fushou
Free Thai, American and Chinese military officers in China during the war
Chiang Kai-shek as Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
The India–China airlift delivered approximately 650,000 tons of materiel to China at a cost of 1,659 men and 594 aircraft.
Mao Fumei (毛福梅, 1882–1939), who died in the Second Sino-Japanese War during a bombardment, is the mother of his son and successor Chiang Ching-kuo
French colonial troops retreating to the Chinese border after the Japanese coup d'état in March 1945
Yao Yecheng (姚冶誠, 1889–1972), who came to Taiwan and died in Taipei
Chinese Muslim cavalry
Chen Jieru (陳潔如, "Jennie", 1906–1971), who lived in Shanghai, but moved to Hong Kong later and died there
Chinese Muslim soldiers
Soong Mei-ling (宋美齡, 1898–2003), who moved to the United States after Chiang Kai-shek's death, is arguably his most famous wife even though they had no children together
WWII victory parade at Chongqing on 3 September 1945
Japanese troops surrendering to the Chinese
The Chinese return to Liuzhou in July 1945.
Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong in 1945
China War of Resistance Against Japan Memorial Museum on the site where the Marco Polo Bridge Incident took place
The Taiwan Strait and the island of Taiwan
Casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese bombing of Chongqing. More than 5,000 civilians died during the first two days of air raids in 1939.
Japanese war crime against a Chinese POW
Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces with gas masks and rubber gloves during a chemical attack near Chapei in the Battle of Shanghai
Chinese suicide bomber putting on an explosive vest made out of Model 24 hand grenades to use in an attack on Japanese tanks at the Battle of Taierzhuang

Japan eventually took advantage of such weaknesses by invading China, including the First Sino-Japanese War and the Second Sino-Japanese War.

- China–Japan relations

Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, he mobilized China for the Second Sino-Japanese War.

- Chiang Kai-shek

Later in the same year, Zhang decided to declare his allegiance to the Nationalist government in Nanjing under Chiang Kai-shek, and consequently, China was nominally reunified under one government.

- Second Sino-Japanese War

However, Chiang Kai-shek waived reparations claims for the war when the ROC concluded the Treaty of Taipei with Japan in 1952.

- China–Japan relations

Historically, Japanese attempts to normalize their relationship with the People's Republic were met with accusations of ingratitude in Taiwan.

- Chiang Kai-shek

The war remains a major roadblock for Sino-Japanese relations.

- Second Sino-Japanese War
(clockwise from top left)Imperial Japanese Navy landing force in military gas masks in the Battle of Shanghai Japanese Type 92 heavy machine gunners during Operation Ichi-Go Victims of the Nanjing Massacre on the shore of the Qinhuai River Chinese machine gun nest in the Battle of Wuhan Japanese aircraft during the bombing of Chongqing Chinese Expeditionary Force marching in India

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A Japanese soldier pictured with the corpses of Chinese civilians by Qinhuai River

Nanjing Massacre

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A Japanese soldier pictured with the corpses of Chinese civilians by Qinhuai River
An article on the "Contest to kill 100 people using a sword" published in the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun. The headline reads, Incredible Record' (in the Contest to Cut Down 100 People) – Mukai 106–105 Noda – Both 2nd Lieutenants Go into Extra Innings".
A sword used in the "contest" is on display at the Republic of China Armed Forces Museum in Taipei, Taiwan
Prince Yasuhiko Asaka in 1935.
Iwane Matsui enters Nanjing.
Photo taken in Xuzhou, showing the body of a woman who was profaned in a way similar to the teenager described in case 5 of John Magee's film
Case 5 of John Magee's film: on December 13, 1937, about 30 Japanese soldiers murdered all but two of 11 Chinese in the house at No. 5 Xinlukou. A woman and her two teenaged daughters were raped, and Japanese soldiers rammed a bottle and a cane into her vagina. An eight-year-old girl was stabbed, but she and her younger sister survived. They were found alive two weeks after the killings by the elderly woman shown in the photo. Bodies of the victims can also be seen in the photo.
A boy killed by a Japanese soldier with the butt of a rifle, reportedly because he did not take off his hat
Bodies of Chinese massacred by Japanese troops along a river in Nanjing
A Chinese POW about to be beheaded by a Japanese officer using a shin-guntō
A mass grave from the Nanjing Massacre
Harold John Timperley's telegram of 17 January 1938 describing the atrocities
Photo in the album taken in Nanjing by Itou Kaneo of the Kisarazu Air Unit of the Imperial Japanese Navy
A picture of a dead child. Probably taken by Bernhard Sindberg
Prisoners being buried alive<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133p/133p04papers/JChapelNanjing046.htm|first=Joseph|last=Chapel|title=Denial of the Holocaust and the Rape of Nanking|year=2004}}</ref>
Skeletons of the massacre's victims
The International Military Tribunal for the Far East was convened at "Ichigaya Court," formally Imperial Japanese Army HQ building in Ichigaya, Tokyo.
General Iwane Matsui<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.gr.jp/~koa_kan_non/16-4.html|title=「松井石根研究会」の必要性について|work=history.gr.jp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122627/http://www.history.gr.jp/~koa_kan_non/16-4.html|archive-date=July 21, 2011}}</ref>
General Hisao Tani<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com.cn/media/200112/12/NewsMedia_147412.jpg|access-date=March 26, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218182317/http://www.people.com.cn/media/200112/12/NewsMedia_147412.jpg|archive-date=February 18, 2010|title=Hisao Tani}}</ref>
Yanziji Nanjing Massacre Memorial in 2004
A memorial stone at Yanziji in Nanjing, for victims in the Nanjing Massacre
John Rabe's former residence, now the "John Rabe and International Safety Zone Memorial Hall", in Nanjing, July 2008
A monument at the Nanking Massacre Memorial Hall that says there were 300,000 victims, in multiple languages
A statue titled "Family Ruined" in front of the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
John Rabe's former residence, now the "John Rabe and International Safety Zone Memorial Hall", in Nanjing, September 2010

The Nanjing Massacre or the Rape of Nanjing (formerly romanized as Nanking ) was the mass murder of Chinese civilians in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, immediately after the Battle of Nanjing in the Second Sino-Japanese War, by the Imperial Japanese Army.

After losing the Battle of Shanghai, Chiang Kai-shek knew that the fall of Nanjing was a matter of time.

A faction of Japanese politicians who are unapologetic to the deaths in Nanjing have triggered a recurring point of tension in Sino-Japanese relations.