A report on Chinese Civil War and Chiang Kai-shek

Clockwise from top: communist troops at the Battle of Siping; Muslim soldiers of the NRA; Mao Zedong in the 1930s; Chiang Kai-shek inspecting soldiers; CCP general Su Yu inspecting the troops shortly before the Menglianggu campaign

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army, emerged from the Northern Expedition as the leader of the Republic of China.

Sun Yat-sen and Chiang at the 1924 opening ceremonies for the Soviet-funded Whampoa Military Academy

NRA troops firing artillery at Communist forces

Japanese occupation (red) of eastern China near the end of the war, and Communist bases (striped)

Chiang (right) together with Wang Jingwei (left), 1926

Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong met in Chongqing in 1945.

Shangdang Campaign, September–October 1945

Chiang during a visit to an air force base in 1945

Map showing Three Campaigns during the Chinese Civil War

Chiang and Soong on the cover of Time magazine, 26 October 1931

Nationalist warplanes being prepared for an air raid on Communist bases

Nationalist government of Nanking – nominally ruling over entire China in 1930s

The PLA enters Beijing in the Pingjin Campaign.

After the breakout of the Second Sino-Japanese War, The Young Companion featured Chiang on its cover.

Chiang with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in Cairo, Egypt, November 1943

The Nationalists' retreat to Taipei: after the Nationalists lost Nanjing (Nanking) they next moved to Guangzhou (Canton), then to Chongqing (Chungking), Chengdu (Chengtu) and finally, Xichang (Sichang) before arriving in Taipei.

Chiang and his wife Soong Mei-ling sharing a laugh with U.S. Lieutenant General Joseph W. Stilwell, Burma, April 1942

Mao Zedong's proclamation of the founding of the People's Republic in 1949

Communist conquest of Hainan Island in 1950

Chiang with South Korean President Syngman Rhee in 1949

"Forget not that you are in Jǔ"--a rock in Quemoy Island with Chiang Kai-shek's calligraphy signifying the retaking of one's homeland

Map of the Chinese Civil War (1946–1950)

Monument in memory of the crossing of the Yangtze in Nanjing

Chiang with Japanese politician Nobusuke Kishi, in 1957

Lockheed U-2C 56-6691 wreckage (pilot Chang Liyi) on display at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution, Beijing

Chiang presiding over the 1966 Double Ten celebrations

Chiang with U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in June 1960

The situation in China in 1929: After the Northern Expedition, the KMT had direct control over east and central China, while the rest of China proper as well as Manchuria was under the control of warlords loyal to the Nationalist government.

The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a famous monument, landmark, and tourist attraction in Taipei, Taiwan.

Map showing the communist-controlled Soviet Zones of China during and after the encirclement campaigns

Route(s) taken by Communist forces during the Long March

Chinese propaganda poster proclaiming "Long Live the President"

A Communist leader addressing survivors of the Long March

Chiang Kai-shek and Winston Churchill heads, with Nationalist China flag and Union Jack

Statue of Chiang Kai-shek in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan

Situation in the winter of 1948 and 1949

Chiang Kai-shek with the Muslim General Ma Fushou

Taiwanese side "Reunification under the Three Principles of the People“.

Chiang Kai-shek as Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim

thumb|The Soviet Red Army invaded Manchuria in August 1945.

Mao Fumei (毛福梅, 1882–1939), who died in the Second Sino-Japanese War during a bombardment, is the mother of his son and successor Chiang Ching-kuo

Chinese Communist soldiers march north to occupy rural Manchuria, 1945.

Yao Yecheng (姚冶誠, 1889–1972), who came to Taiwan and died in Taipei

Chen Jieru (陳潔如, "Jennie", 1906–1971), who lived in Shanghai, but moved to Hong Kong later and died there

Midway through the Northern Expedition, the KMT–CCP alliance broke down and Chiang massacred communists inside the party, triggering a civil war with the CCP (Chinese Communist Party), which he eventually lost in 1949.

- Chiang Kai-shek

In 1923, Sun sent Chiang Kai-shek, one of his lieutenants, for several months of military and political study in Moscow.

- Chinese Civil War

37 related topics with Alpha

People's Liberation Army

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Principal military force of the People's Republic of China and the armed wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

PLA troops entering Beijing in 1949 during the Chinese Civil War

Chinese troops gathered on a T-34/85 or a Type 58 medium tank leaving North Korea in 1958, 5 years after the Korean War ended with an armistice (a ceasefire) in 1953. The banner in the background of the picture bears a slogan (in Chinese) which declares "The Friendship And Unity of the North Korean And Chinese Peoples Are Always Steadfast And Strong!"

Marshal Lin Biao surveying the soldiers during the 10th-anniversary military parade in 1959.

The CMC is ceremonially housed in the Ministry of National Defense compound ("August 1st Building")

A Type 99A main battle tank in service with the PLAGF

A PLAN destroyer conducting maritime interdiction operations at RIMPAC 2016

A Chengdu J-20 5th generation stealth fighter

A PLA Navy Special Operations Forces marine during a maritime operations exercise in RIMPAC 2014.

The range of the PLA Rocket Force's medium and intercontinental ballistic missiles (2006)

A pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2019, in US$ billions, according to SIPRI

PLA Factory No. 6907, Wuhan. The white characters on the blue sign roughly translate to: "Secret/Classified Area, Do Not Enter Unless Invited."

The Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army of China at the Great Hall of the People. The band is a common performer of the military anthem of the PLA at ceremonial protocol events.

alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background.|PLA

alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag is a green bar.|Ground Force

alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag are stripes of blue, white, blue, white and blue.|Navy

alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag is a sky blue bar.|Air Force

alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag is a yellow bar.|Rocket Force

The CCP founded their military wing on 1 August 1927 during the Nanchang uprising when Communist elements of the National Revolutionary Army rebelled under the leadership of Zhu De, He Long, Ye Jianying and Zhou Enlai and other leftist elements of the Kuomintang after the Shanghai massacre of 1927 by Chiang Kai-shek.

1927–1950: Chinese Civil War

The League of Nations assembly, held in Geneva, Switzerland, 1930

World War II

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Global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.

Adolf Hitler at a German Nazi political rally in Nuremberg, August 1933

Benito Mussolini inspecting troops during the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935

The bombing of Guernica in 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, sparked fears abroad in Europe that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties.

Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai, 1937

Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan, 1938

Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement, 29 September 1938

German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop (right) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, after signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 23 August 1939

Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing into Poland, 1 September 1939

Soldiers of the Polish Army during the defence of Poland, September 1939

Finnish machine gun nest aimed at Soviet Red Army positions during the Winter War, February 1940

German advance into Belgium and Northern France, 10 May-4 June 1940, swept past the Maginot Line (shown in dark red)

London seen from St. Paul's Cathedral after the German Blitz, 29 December 1940

Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk; North African Campaign, September 1941

German Panzer III of the Afrika Korps advancing across the North African desert, April-May 1941

European theatre of World War II animation map, 1939–1945 – Red: Western Allies and the Soviet Union after 1941; Green: Soviet Union before 1941; Blue: Axis powers

German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers, 1941

Soviet civilians leaving destroyed houses after a German bombardment during the Battle of Leningrad, 10 December 1942

Japanese soldiers entering Hong Kong, 8 December 1941

The USS Arizona (BB-39) was a total loss in the Japanese surprise air attack on the American Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Sunday 7 December 1941.

US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill seated at the Casablanca Conference, January 1943

Map of Japanese military advances through mid-1942

US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign, in the Pacific theatre, 1942

Red Army soldiers on the counterattack during the Battle of Stalingrad, February 1943

American 8th Air Force Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke-Wulf factory in Germany, 9 October 1943

U.S. Navy SBD-5 scout plane flying patrol over USS Washington (BB-56) and USS Lexington (CV-16) during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, 1943

Red Army troops in a counter-offensive on German positions at the Battle of Kursk, July 1943

Ruins of the Benedictine monastery, during the Battle of Monte Cassino, Italian Campaign, May 1944

American troops approaching Omaha Beach during the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, 6 June 1944

German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade, tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation, August 1944

General Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte, 20 October 1944

Yalta Conference held in February 1945, with Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin

Ruins of the Reichstag in Berlin, 3 June 1945.

Atomic bombing of Nagasaki on 9 August 1945.

Ruins of Warsaw in 1945, after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces

Defendants at the Nuremberg trials, where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political, military, judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity

Post-war border changes in Central Europe and creation of the Communist Eastern Bloc

David Ben-Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall, 14 May 1948

Bodies of Chinese civilians killed by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Nanking Massacre in December 1937

Schutzstaffel (SS) female camp guards removing prisoners' bodies from lorries and carrying them to a mass grave, inside the German Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, 1945

Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish Catholic girl who died in Auschwitz. Approximately 230,000 children were held prisoner and used in forced labour and Nazi medical experiments.

Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest, 1940

Soviet partisans hanged by the German army. The Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead, twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied Soviet Union.

B-29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita, Kansas, 1944

A V-2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde, 21 June 1943

Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation "shot tower", at Alamogordo Bombing Range; Trinity nuclear test, New Mexico, July 1945

The Kuomintang (KMT) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords.

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai, but after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell.

Republic of China Military Academy

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Service academy for the army of the Republic of China, located in Fengshan District, Kaohsiung.

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, commander-in-chief of the NRA, emerged from the Northern Expedition as the leader of the KMT and China.

Sun Yat-sen [middle behind the table] and Chiang Kai-shek [on stage in uniform] at the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924.

Flag of the National Revolutionary Army (now as the Republic of China Army

Zhou Enlai as Director of the political department, Whampoa Military Academy.

Alumni record of the first group students of Republic of China Military Academy.

Whampoa Military Academy students training

Modern picture of the former Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou

Previously known as the Whampoa Military Academy, the military academy produced commanders who fought in many of China's conflicts in the 20th century, notably the Northern Expedition, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War.

Sun's favorite and rising star Chiang Kai-shek was appointed the first commandant of the academy.

Chang Hsueh-liang

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The effective ruler of Northeast China and much of northern China after the assassination of his father, Zhang Zuolin (the "Old Marshal"), by the Japanese on 4 June 1928.

Chang with Chiang Kai-shek in November 1930.

Chang Hsüeh-liang, and Chiang with their respective wives, Yu Feng Tze and Soong Mei-ling.

Former residence of Chang Hsüeh-liang in Wufeng, Hsinchu County, Taiwan.

Chang Gravesite at Valley of the Temples Memorial Park

He was an instigator of the 1936 Xi'an Incident, in which Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of China's ruling party, was arrested in order to force him to enter into a truce with the insurgent Chinese Communist Party and form a united front against Japan, which had occupied Manchuria.

On 6 April 1936, Chang met with CCP delegate Zhou Enlai to plan the end of the Chinese Civil War.

Wang Jingwei regime

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Common name of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China, the government of the puppet state of the Empire of Japan in eastern China called simply the Republic of China.

The Wang Jingwei regime (dark red) and Mengjiang (light red) within the Empire of Japan (pink) at its furthest extent

Wang Jingwei was head of the Reorganized National Government.

Map of the Republic of China that was controlled by the reorganized national government in 1939 (dark green) Mengjiang was incorporated in 1940 (light green)

Wall bearing a government slogan that proclaims: "Support Mr. Wang Jingwei!"

Water Resource Committee of Wang Jingwei's puppet government

Advertisement of congratulation towards the establishment of the new Nationalist government on Taiwan Nichi Nichi Shimpō

Area of control of the invading Japanese forces

Wang Jingwei, Japanese ambassador Abe Nobuyuki, and Manchukuo ambassador Zang Shiyi sign the joint declaration, 30 November 1940

Wang Jingwei with ambassador Heinrich Georg Stahmer at the German embassy in 1941

Unused example of a Wang Jingwei regime passport, circa 1941

President Wang Jingwei at a military parade on the occasion of the third anniversary of the establishment of the government

Type 94 tankettes on parade (note the driver's Stahlhelm and the KMT blue and white sun emblem on the tanks)

Wang, a rival of Chiang Kai-shek and member of the pro-peace faction of the KMT, defected to the Japanese side and formed a collaborationist government in occupied Nanking (Nanjing) (the traditional capital of China) in 1940.

As a result, Chiang continued to devote his primary attention to eradicating the Communists and ending the Chinese Civil War.

President of the Republic of China

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Head of state of the Republic of China and the commander-in-chief of the Republic of China Armed Forces.

The Presidential Building in Zhongzheng District, Taipei houses the office of the ROC President currently.

The Presidential Southern Office in Fengshan District, Kaohsiung opened on 10 March 2017.

The Presidential Central Office in Fengyuan District, Taichung opened on 18 March 2017.

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and Army General Li Tsung-jen were elected by the National Assembly to be the first-term president and vice president on 20 May 1948.

At the funeral of Pope John Paul II, President Chen Shui-bian (far left), whom the Holy See recognized as the head of state of China, was seated in the front row (in French alphabetical order) beside the first lady and president of Brazil.

Air Force 3701, the presidential aircraft of the Republic of China.

Official results of the election announcing Sun's election on November 10, 1911.

The West Garden Hall in Presidential Palace, Nanjing was the office of the Provisional President in 1912.

After Yuan Shikai's Peiyang Government took control of the ROC, the house in Peking was the office of the president.

Presidential Palace in Xuanwu District, Nanjing housed the office of the Chairman of the National Government of the ROC in 1927–1937.

The Presidential Building in Presidential Palace, Nanjing was the office of the President of ROC after the 1947 Chinese Constitution, until the Government of the ROC fled to Taiwan in 1949.

1) President Chiang Kai-shek declared incapacity on 21 January 1949 amid several Communist victories in the Chinese Civil War and was replaced by Vice President Li Tsung-jen as the acting president. However, Chiang continued to wield authority as the director-general of the Kuomintang and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China Armed Forces. Li Tsung-jen lost the ensuing power struggle and fled to the United States in November 1949. Chiang evacuated with the government to Taiwan on 10 December 1949 and resumed his duties as the president on 1 March 1950.

Taipei

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Capital and a special municipality of Taiwan.

Taipei's Old North Gate, completed in 1884

Map of eastern Taipei (labeled as TAIHOKU) and nearby areas (AMS, 1944)

The Taihoku Prefecture government building in the 1910s (now the Control Yuan building).

Taipei 101 is a landmark and tourist attraction in Taipei

The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a national monument, landmark, and tourist attraction in Taipei

With President Chiang Kai-shek, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower waved to a crowd during his visit to Taipei in June 1960.

The city of Taipei, as seen from Maokong in 2014.

Skyline of modern skyscrapers in Xinyi Special District, Taipei.

Bellavita Shopping Center and CPC Building at Xinyi Special District

The National Concert Hall illuminated at night

Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei, also known as "old city hall"

View of Eastern District taken from the observation deck of Taipei 101.

Built in 1738, Bangka Lungshan Temple is one of the oldest temples in the city.

Platform of Wende Station on the Taipei Metro system.

West Site of National Taiwan University Hospital

TVBS-G produces programs mainly from their Nangang building in Taipei City.

the main entrance of Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall

Presidential Office Building from Ketagalan Boulevard

Zhishan Garden at the National Palace Museum

After losing mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the ROC in December 1949.

In 1947 the Kuomintang (KMT) government under Chiang Kai-shek declared island-wide martial law in Taiwan as a result of the 28 February Incident, which began with incidents in Taipei but led to an island-wide crackdown on the local population by forces loyal to Chiang.

Chengdu

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Sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of the Chinese province of Sichuan.

The Dujiangyan Irrigation System built in 256 BC still functions today.

An all-airwar was fought over Chengdu between the Chinese Air Force and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy air forces; an I-16 fighter shown here at the Datangshan Aviation Museum

40th Bombardment Group Boeing B-29-5-BW Superfortress 42-6281 "20th Century Unlimited" at Hsinching Airfield (A-1), China, advanced China Base of the 40th Bomb Group after completion of a raid on Anshan, Manchuria. Mission No. 4, 29 July 1944

People's Liberation Army troops entered Chengdu on 27 December 1949

Map including Chengdu (labeled as CH'ENG-TU (walled) 成都) (AMS, 1958)

Map including Chengdu (labeled as CH'ENG-TU)

Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu

Pandas at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding

Map of Chengdu showing infrastructures and land use, made by the CIA in 1989. Note that city mostly ends at what is today's second ring road.

Terminal 2, Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

Southwestern University of Finance and Economics

Chengdu Fenghuangshan Sports Park professional football stadium

Chengdu Dong'an Lake Sports Park Stadium

Yanlord Landmark, Hongzhaobi Crossroads, Chengdu

During World War II, the capital city of China was forced to move inland from Nanjing to Wuhan in 1937 and from Wuhan to Chengdu, then from Chengdu to Chongqing in 1938, as the Kuomintang (KMT) government under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek ultimately retreated to Sichuan to escape from the invading Japanese forces.

During the Chinese Civil War, Chengdu was the last city on the Chinese mainland to be held by the Kuomintang.

Harry S. Truman

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American politician who served as the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953.

Harry and Bess Truman on their wedding day,

Drawer from the Senate desk used by Truman

Results of the 1934 U.S. Senate election in Missouri; Truman won the counties in blue

Joseph Stalin, Harry S. Truman, and Winston Churchill in Potsdam, July 1945

Truman announces Japan's surrender, August 14, 1945.

Truman with Greek-American sponge divers in Florida, 1947

Truman's press secretary was his old friend Charles Griffith Ross. He had great integrity but, says Alonzo L. Hamby, as a senior White House aide he was, "A better newsman than news handler, he never established a policy of coordinating news releases throughout the executive branch, frequently bumbled details, never developed ... a strategy for marketing the president's image and failed to establish a strong press office."

Truman in the Oval Office, receiving a Hanukkah Menorah from the prime minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion (center). To the right is Abba Eban, ambassador of Israel to the United States.

President Truman (left) with Governor Dewey (right) at dedication of the Idlewild Airport, meeting for the first time since nominated by their respective parties for the Presidency

Truman was so widely expected to lose the 1948 election that the Chicago Tribune had printed papers with this erroneous headline when few returns were in.

President Truman signing a proclamation declaring a national emergency and authorizing U.S. entry into the Korean War

Truman and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru during Nehru's visit to the United States, October 1949

Truman and Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi speaking at Washington National Airport, during ceremonies welcoming him to the United States

Official portrait of President Truman by Greta Kempton, c. 1945

View of the interior shell of the White House during renovation in 1950

President Truman; Alabama Senator John J. Sparkman, vice presidential nominee; and Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson, presidential nominee, in the Oval Office, 1952

President Truman conferring with labor leader Walter Reuther about economic policy in the Oval Office, 1952

Truman and his wife Bess attend the signing of the Medicare Bill on July 30, 1965, by President Lyndon B. Johnson

Wreath by Truman's casket, December 27, 1972

Truman poses in 1959 at the recreation of the Truman Oval Office at his presidential library, with the famous "The Buck Stops Here" sign on his desk. (The reverse of the sign says, "I'm From Missouri".) Attendees to meetings where Truman would have to make a major decision would sometimes see the president looking at the sign.

Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum in Independence, Missouri

Stamp issued in 1973, following Truman's death. Truman has been honored on five U.S. postage stamps, issued between 1973 and 1999.

Truman did not know what to do about China, where the Nationalists and Communists were fighting a large-scale civil war.

General Marshall was Truman's principal adviser on foreign policy matters, influencing such decisions as the U.S. choice against offering direct military aid to Chiang Kai-shek and his nationalist Chinese forces in the Chinese Civil War against their communist opponents.

Li Mi (Republic of China general)

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Li Mi (4 November 1902 – 10 March 1973) was a high-ranking Nationalist general who participated in the anti-Communist Encirclement Campaigns, Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War.

Li Mi was able to prove his loyalty to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and was named a county magistrate of one of the "red territories" the Kuomintang Nationalists had just taken over.