A report on Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang in 1943
The Revolutionary Army attacking Nanjing in 1911
Chiang Kai-shek in 1907
The KMT reveres its founder, Sun Yat-sen, as the "Father of the Nation"
Sun Yat-sen and Chiang at the 1924 opening ceremonies for the Soviet-funded Whampoa Military Academy
Venue of the 1st National Congress of Kuomintang in 1924
Chiang in the early 1920s
Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Kuomintang after Sun's death in 1925
Chiang (right) together with Wang Jingwei (left), 1926
KMT flag displayed in Lhasa, Tibet in 1938
Chiang and Feng Yuxiang in 1928
The National Revolutionary Army soldiers marched into the British concessions in Hankou during the Northern Expedition
Chiang during a visit to an air force base in 1945
The KMT in Tihwa, Sinkiang in 1942
Chiang and Soong on the cover of Time magazine, 26 October 1931
Nationalist soldiers during the Second Sino-Japanese War
Nationalist government of Nanking – nominally ruling over entire China in 1930s
The retrocession of Taiwan in Taipei on 25 October 1945
After the breakout of the Second Sino-Japanese War, The Young Companion featured Chiang on its cover.
The former KMT headquarters in Taipei City (1949–2006), whose imposing structure, directly facing the Presidential Office Building, was seen as a symbol of the party's wealth and dominance
Chiang with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in Cairo, Egypt, November 1943
Pan-blue supporters at a rally during the 2004 presidential election
Chiang and his wife Soong Mei-ling sharing a laugh with U.S. Lieutenant General Joseph W. Stilwell, Burma, April 1942
Kuomintang public service center in Shilin, Taipei
Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong in 1945
Lien Chan (middle) and Wu Po-hsiung (second left) and the KMT touring the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing, People's Republic of China when the Pan-Blue coalition visited the mainland in 2005
Chiang with South Korean President Syngman Rhee in 1949
KMT headquarters in Taipei City before the KMT Central Committee moved in June 2006 to a much more modest Bade building, having sold the original headquarters to private investors of the EVA Airways Corporation
Map of the Chinese Civil War (1946–1950)
KMT Kinmen headquarters office in Jincheng Township, Kinmen County
Chiang with Japanese politician Nobusuke Kishi, in 1957
KMT Building in Vancouver's Chinatown, British Columbia, Canada
Chiang presiding over the 1966 Double Ten celebrations
KMT branch office in Pingzhen District, Taoyuan City
Chiang with U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in June 1960
The KMT maintains offices in some of the Chinatowns of the world and its United States party headquarters are located in San Francisco Chinatown, on Stockton Street directly across the Chinese Six Companies
The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a famous monument, landmark, and tourist attraction in Taipei, Taiwan.
KMT Eastern U.S. headquarters is in New York Chinatown
Chiang's portrait in Tiananmen Rostrum
KMT office of Australasia in Sydney, Australia
Chinese propaganda poster proclaiming "Long Live the President"
From left to right, KMT members pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition: Generals Cheng Jin, Zhang Zuobao, Chen Diaoyuan, Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang, Yan Xishan, General Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida and General Bai Chongxi
A Chinese stamp with Chiang Kai-shek
Malaysian Chinese Association
Chiang Kai-shek and Winston Churchill heads, with Nationalist China flag and Union Jack
Vietnamese Kuomintang
Statue of Chiang Kai-shek in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
People's Action Party of Vietnam
Duke of Zhou
Taipei Grand Mosque
Chiang Kai-shek with the Muslim General Ma Fushou
The KMT reveres its founder, Sun Yat-sen, as the "Father of the Nation"
Chiang Kai-shek as Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Venue of the 1st National Congress of Kuomintang in 1924
Mao Fumei (毛福梅, 1882–1939), who died in the Second Sino-Japanese War during a bombardment, is the mother of his son and successor Chiang Ching-kuo
Yao Yecheng (姚冶誠, 1889–1972), who came to Taiwan and died in Taipei
Chen Jieru (陳潔如, "Jennie", 1906–1971), who lived in Shanghai, but moved to Hong Kong later and died there
Soong Mei-ling (宋美齡, 1898–2003), who moved to the United States after Chiang Kai-shek's death, is arguably his most famous wife even though they had no children together

Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as Chiang Chung-cheng, Chiang Chieh-shih, Cheung Kai-shek and Jiang Jieshi, was a Chinese Nationalist politician, revolutionary and military leader, who served as the leader of the Republic of China from 1928 to until his death in 1975.

- Chiang Kai-shek

From 1926 to 1928, the KMT under Chiang Kai-shek successfully led the Northern Expedition against regional warlords and unified the fragmented nation.

- Kuomintang

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The Horrifying Inspection by Taiwanese paintmaker Li Jun. It describes the hostile environment in Taiwan shortly after the February 28 incident, which marked the start of the White Terror period

White Terror (Taiwan)

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The Horrifying Inspection by Taiwanese paintmaker Li Jun. It describes the hostile environment in Taiwan shortly after the February 28 incident, which marked the start of the White Terror period
Dwight D. Eisenhower with Chiang Kai-Shek in Taipei, 1960.
A Taiwanese political dissident after and prior to his execution

In Taiwan, the White Terror is used to describe the political repression on civilians living on the island and the surrounding areas under its control by the government under the rule of the Kuomintang (KMT, i.e. Chinese Nationalist Party).

The ideology, theory and repression ruling pattern of Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang regime in China and Taiwan has been compared by some scholars to fascist regimes elsewhere, such as Nazi Germany, since the National Revolutionary Army was heavily dependent on the German military mission during the Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941) until Adolf Hitler decided to withdraw in 1938.

On February 28, 1947, the masses went to the Monopoly Bureau Taipei Branch to protest, and the inventories of matches, cigarettes and other items in the Monopoly Bureau Taipei Branch were piled up and burned.

February 28 incident

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On February 28, 1947, the masses went to the Monopoly Bureau Taipei Branch to protest, and the inventories of matches, cigarettes and other items in the Monopoly Bureau Taipei Branch were piled up and burned.
Armed soldiers as seen in Tainan by Dr. M. Ottsen, who served for the United Nations
Woodcut The Terrible Inspection by Huang Rong-can
Cover of the first issue of Taiwan Literature and Art magazine printed in 1934, during Japanese rule
"Chinese Exploit Formosa Worse Than Japs Did", a news article from The Washington Daily News on March 21, 1946
Severe inflation led the Bank of Taiwan to issue of bearer's checks in denominations of 1 million Taiwan Dollars (TW$1,000,000) in 1949.
Today's 228 Memorial Museum in Taipei is housed in a broadcast station that played a role in the incident.
"Terror In Formosa", a news article from The Daily News of Perth, reported the status in March.
Angry residents storm the Yidingmu police station in Taipei on February 28, 1947
Painter and Professor Chen Cheng-po was killed in Chiayi
Today, a memorial plaque marks the exact location where the first shot was fired
228 Memorial Day, 2008 in Liberty Square
228 Memorial Park in Taichung
President Ma Ying-jeou addresses the families of victims of the February 28 incident
Former Vice President Annette Lu, once a political prisoner, speaking at the 228 Memorial

The February 28 incident, also rendered as the February 28 massacre, the 228 incident, or the 228 massacre was an anti-government uprising in Taiwan that was violently suppressed by the Kuomintang (KMT)–led nationalist government of the Republic of China (ROC).

Directed by provincial governor Chen Yi and president Chiang Kai-shek, thousands of civilians were killed beginning on February 28, 1947.

Woodcut print by Huang Rong-can, "The Terrible Inspection" describing the February 28 Incident massacre in 1947

Taiwan independence movement

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Political movement which advocates the formal declaration of an independent and sovereign Taiwanese state, as opposed to Chinese unification or the status quo in Cross-Strait relations.

Political movement which advocates the formal declaration of an independent and sovereign Taiwanese state, as opposed to Chinese unification or the status quo in Cross-Strait relations.

Woodcut print by Huang Rong-can, "The Terrible Inspection" describing the February 28 Incident massacre in 1947
"Terror In Formosa", a news article from The Daily News of Perth, reported the status in March 1947.
Banner displaying the slogan "UN for Taiwan"
Republic of China passport mentioning Taiwan since 2003 in order to distinguish it from the People's Republic of China passport. In 2020, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs launched a redesigned passport that highlights "Taiwan"
An example of a "Taiwan passport", which is typically not accepted in place of the R.O.C. passport
Parade of Taiwan independence supporters
Anti-Taiwan independence protesters in Washington, D.C. during Lee Teng-hui's visit in 2005

With democracy suspended in ROC-controlled Taiwan, the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) of the ROC, in reality, developed Taiwan into a dictatorship.

The Anti-communist Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek, President of the Republic of China on Taiwan, believed the Americans were going to plot a coup against him along with Taiwan Independence.

Soong Meiling Stitching a Uniform For Soldiers

New Life Movement

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Government-led civic campaign in the 1930s Republic of China to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo.

Government-led civic campaign in the 1930s Republic of China to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo.

Soong Meiling Stitching a Uniform For Soldiers

Chiang Kai-shek as head of the government and the Chinese Nationalist Party launched the initiative on 19 February 1934 as part of an anti-Communist campaign, and soon enlarged the campaign to target the whole nation.

Beiyang government's five-coloured flag

Northeast Flag Replacement

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The Northeast Flag Replacement refers to Zhang Xueliang's announcement on 29 December 1928 that all banners of the Beiyang government in Manchuria would be replaced with the flag of the Nationalist government, thus nominally uniting China under one government.

The Northeast Flag Replacement refers to Zhang Xueliang's announcement on 29 December 1928 that all banners of the Beiyang government in Manchuria would be replaced with the flag of the Nationalist government, thus nominally uniting China under one government.

Beiyang government's five-coloured flag
Flag of the Nationalist government
Zhang Xueliang in 1928.

In April 1928, Chiang Kai-shek was reinstated as commander of the National Revolutionary Army, the position he previously resigned from after taking responsibility for splitting the KMT during the First Northern Expedition.

Blue Sky with a White Sun flag above the oath of Guominjun

Dang Guo

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Blue Sky with a White Sun flag above the oath of Guominjun

Dang Guo was the one-party system adopted by the Republic of China under the Kuomintang.

From 1924 onwards, after Sun Yat-sen's decision to copy elements of the Soviet Union's political system, Chiang Kai-shek used the Kuomintang to control and operate the National Government of the Republic of China (ROC) and the National Revolutionary Army.

1920s portrait of Borodin

Mikhail Borodin

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Bolshevik revolutionary and Communist International (Comintern) agent.

Bolshevik revolutionary and Communist International (Comintern) agent.

1920s portrait of Borodin
Borodin in Nanchang, 1926
Borodin making a speech in Wuhan, 1927

He was an advisor to Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang (KMT) in China during the 1920s.

Under Borodin's tutelage, both parties were reorganised on the Leninist principle of democratic centralism, and training institutes for mass organisation were established, such as the Peasant Training Institute, where the young Mao Zedong served, and the Whampoa Military Academy, which trained officers for the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek.

Du Yuesheng

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Chinese mob boss who spent much of his life in Shanghai.

Chinese mob boss who spent much of his life in Shanghai.

Former residence of Du Yuesheng, a historic house in Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
Tomb of Du Yuesheng
Du and fifth wife Meng Xiaodong

He was a key supporter of Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang in their battle against the Communists in the 1920s, and was a figure of some importance during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Emblem of the Ministry of National Defense

Republic of China Armed Forces

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The Republic of China Armed Forces (ROCAF; ) are the armed forces of the Republic of China (ROC), once based in mainland China and currently in its remaining jurisdictions which include the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other smaller ROC-controlled islands such as Taiping Island in the South China Sea.

The Republic of China Armed Forces (ROCAF; ) are the armed forces of the Republic of China (ROC), once based in mainland China and currently in its remaining jurisdictions which include the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other smaller ROC-controlled islands such as Taiping Island in the South China Sea.

Emblem of the Ministry of National Defense
Soldiers of the 185th Infantry Division during World War II
CM-11 Brave Tiger at Hukou Army Base
ROCS Pan Shih (AOE-532)
ROC Marine Corps Amphibious Reconnaissance and Patrol Unit
ROC Air Force Air Defense Artillery Skyguard system Sparrow missile launcher
ROC Army CM-32 Yunpao APC on display
Two children taking pictures with ROC Military Policemen at Linkou MP Base
Three ROC Navy Honor Guards chatting at Hsinchu Air Base
ROC Marine Corps Special Service Company Operator with SIG MPX
NCSIST Chien Hsiang loitering munition
R.O.C. Army soldiers removing the machine guns from a CM-12 Tank
ROCAF AIDC F-CK Indigenous Defense Fighter
ROCN Cheng Kung-class frigate
ROCA Thunderbolt-2000
ROC Army Hualien-Taitung Defense Command soldiers with a T75 Light machine gun
Humanitarian aid sent by a C-130 Hercules of the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) to Hualien Airport, Taiwan during the 2018 Hualien earthquake.
T-93 sniper rifle with the Taiwanese team competing in the International Sniper Competition at Fort Benning, Georgia in 2010
ROC Humvees en route to the 2007 National Day Military Parade
ROC soldiers marching to the front lines in 1939
ROC soldiers in house-to-house fighting in Battle of Taierzhuang
Kuningtou Battle Museum, Kinmen County
August 23 Artillery Battle Museum, Kinmen County
Yushan-class landing platform dock
Lee Hsi-ming, former Chief of the General Staff

The nationalization of the armed forces in 1947 detached the Kuomintang's direct control of the armed forces, and it became a national defense force.

In 1929, Chiang Kai-shek established the Aviation Class in the ROC Military Academy.

Lieutenant General Ma Bufang

Ma Bufang

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Prominent Muslim Ma clique warlord in China during the Republic of China era, ruling the province of Qinghai.

Prominent Muslim Ma clique warlord in China during the Republic of China era, ruling the province of Qinghai.

Lieutenant General Ma Bufang
T. V. Soong and Ma Bufang of the Republic of China visits a mosque in Xining, Qinghai in 1934
Chiang Kai-shek (right) meets with the Muslim Generals Ma Bufang (second from left), and Ma Buqing (first from left) in Xining in August 1942.
Ma Bufang- date unknown
Egyptian President Muhammad Naguib with General Ma Bufang.
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Republic of China Chinese Muslim Generals Ma Bufang (left) and his brother Ma Buqing (right). Both members of the Kuomintang.

Ma Bufang sided with Feng Yuxiang's Guominjun until the Central Plains War, when he switched to the winning side of Chiang Kai-shek.

In 1937, Ma Bufang rose with the help of the Kuomintang and forced his uncle Ma Lin to concede his position.