A report on Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II and Chiang Kai-shek

(clockwise from top left)Imperial Japanese Navy landing force in military gas masks in the Battle of Shanghai

Japanese Type 92 heavy machine gunners during Operation Ichi-Go

Victims of the Nanjing Massacre on the shore of the Qinhuai River

Chinese machine gun nest in the Battle of Wuhan

Japanese aircraft during the bombing of Chongqing

Chinese Expeditionary Force marching in India

The League of Nations assembly, held in Geneva, Switzerland, 1930

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Allied Commander-in-Chief in the China theatre from 1942 to 1945

Adolf Hitler at a German Nazi political rally in Nuremberg, August 1933

Japanese troops entering Shenyang during the Mukden Incident

Benito Mussolini inspecting troops during the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935

Sun Yat-sen and Chiang at the 1924 opening ceremonies for the Soviet-funded Whampoa Military Academy

The bombing of Guernica in 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, sparked fears abroad in Europe that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties.

A baby sits in the remains of a Shanghai train station on 'Bloody Saturday', 1937

Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai, 1937

Chiang (right) together with Wang Jingwei (left), 1926

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek announced the Kuomintang policy of resistance against Japan at Lushan on 10 July 1937, three days after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.

Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan, 1938

Japanese landing near Shanghai, November 1937

Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement, 29 September 1938

Chiang during a visit to an air force base in 1945

Japanese troops in the ruins of Shanghai

German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop (right) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, after signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 23 August 1939

Chiang and Soong on the cover of Time magazine, 26 October 1931

Soviet embassy in Nanjing is being burned down by arson on 1 January 1938.

Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing into Poland, 1 September 1939

Nationalist government of Nanking – nominally ruling over entire China in 1930s

A Chinese POW about to be beheaded by a Japanese officer with a shin gunto

Soldiers of the Polish Army during the defence of Poland, September 1939

After the breakout of the Second Sino-Japanese War, The Young Companion featured Chiang on its cover.

National Revolutionary Army soldiers during the 1938 Yellow River flood

Finnish machine gun nest aimed at Soviet Red Army positions during the Winter War, February 1940

Chiang with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in Cairo, Egypt, November 1943

Map showing the extent of Japanese occupation in 1941 (in red)

German advance into Belgium and Northern France, 10 May-4 June 1940, swept past the Maginot Line (shown in dark red)

Chiang and his wife Soong Mei-ling sharing a laugh with U.S. Lieutenant General Joseph W. Stilwell, Burma, April 1942

Theaters (military operational regions) of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army from late 1938 to early 1940

London seen from St. Paul's Cathedral after the German Blitz, 29 December 1940

Wang Jingwei and officers of the Collaborationist Chinese Army

Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk; North African Campaign, September 1941

Chiang with South Korean President Syngman Rhee in 1949

Chinese soldiers in house-to-house fighting in the Battle of Taierzhuang, March–April 1938

German Panzer III of the Afrika Korps advancing across the North African desert, April-May 1941

Map of the Chinese Civil War (1946–1950)

National Revolutionary Army soldiers march to the front in 1939.

European theatre of World War II animation map, 1939–1945 – Red: Western Allies and the Soviet Union after 1941; Green: Soviet Union before 1941; Blue: Axis powers

Chiang with Japanese politician Nobusuke Kishi, in 1957

Eighth Route Army Commander Zhu De with a KMT "Blue Sky, White Sun" emblem cap

German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers, 1941

Chiang presiding over the 1966 Double Ten celebrations

115th Division of the Eighth Route Army Lieutenant General (NRA rank) Lin Biao in NRA uniform

Soviet civilians leaving destroyed houses after a German bombardment during the Battle of Leningrad, 10 December 1942

Chiang with U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in June 1960

War declaration against Japan by the Chongqing Nationalist Government on 9 December 1941

Japanese soldiers entering Hong Kong, 8 December 1941

The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a famous monument, landmark, and tourist attraction in Taipei, Taiwan.

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and his wife Madame Chiang with Lieutenant General Joseph Stilwell in 1942, Burma

The USS Arizona (BB-39) was a total loss in the Japanese surprise air attack on the American Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Sunday 7 December 1941.

A United States poster from the United China Relief organization advocating aid to China.

US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill seated at the Casablanca Conference, January 1943

Chinese propaganda poster proclaiming "Long Live the President"

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill met at the Cairo Conference in 1943 during World War II.

Map of Japanese military advances through mid-1942

US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign, in the Pacific theatre, 1942

Chiang Kai-shek and Winston Churchill heads, with Nationalist China flag and Union Jack

I-16 with Chinese insignia. The I-16 was the main fighter plane used by the Chinese Air Force and Soviet volunteers.

Red Army soldiers on the counterattack during the Battle of Stalingrad, February 1943

Statue of Chiang Kai-shek in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan

Flying Tigers Commander Claire Lee Chennault

American 8th Air Force Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke-Wulf factory in Germany, 9 October 1943

A "blood chit" issued to American Volunteer Group pilots requesting all Chinese to offer rescue and protection

U.S. Navy SBD-5 scout plane flying patrol over USS Washington (BB-56) and USS Lexington (CV-16) during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, 1943

Chiang Kai-shek with the Muslim General Ma Fushou

Free Thai, American and Chinese military officers in China during the war

Red Army troops in a counter-offensive on German positions at the Battle of Kursk, July 1943

Chiang Kai-shek as Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim

The India–China airlift delivered approximately 650,000 tons of materiel to China at a cost of 1,659 men and 594 aircraft.

Ruins of the Benedictine monastery, during the Battle of Monte Cassino, Italian Campaign, May 1944

Mao Fumei (毛福梅, 1882–1939), who died in the Second Sino-Japanese War during a bombardment, is the mother of his son and successor Chiang Ching-kuo

French colonial troops retreating to the Chinese border after the Japanese coup d'état in March 1945

American troops approaching Omaha Beach during the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, 6 June 1944

Yao Yecheng (姚冶誠, 1889–1972), who came to Taiwan and died in Taipei

German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade, tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation, August 1944

Chen Jieru (陳潔如, "Jennie", 1906–1971), who lived in Shanghai, but moved to Hong Kong later and died there

General Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte, 20 October 1944

Soong Mei-ling (宋美齡, 1898–2003), who moved to the United States after Chiang Kai-shek's death, is arguably his most famous wife even though they had no children together

WWII victory parade at Chongqing on 3 September 1945

Yalta Conference held in February 1945, with Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin

Japanese troops surrendering to the Chinese

Ruins of the Reichstag in Berlin, 3 June 1945.

The Chinese return to Liuzhou in July 1945.

Atomic bombing of Nagasaki on 9 August 1945.

Ruins of Warsaw in 1945, after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces

China War of Resistance Against Japan Memorial Museum on the site where the Marco Polo Bridge Incident took place

Defendants at the Nuremberg trials, where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political, military, judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity

The Taiwan Strait and the island of Taiwan

Post-war border changes in Central Europe and creation of the Communist Eastern Bloc

Casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese bombing of Chongqing. More than 5,000 civilians died during the first two days of air raids in 1939.

David Ben-Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall, 14 May 1948

Japanese war crime against a Chinese POW

Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces with gas masks and rubber gloves during a chemical attack near Chapei in the Battle of Shanghai

Bodies of Chinese civilians killed by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Nanking Massacre in December 1937

Chinese suicide bomber putting on an explosive vest made out of Model 24 hand grenades to use in an attack on Japanese tanks at the Battle of Taierzhuang

Schutzstaffel (SS) female camp guards removing prisoners' bodies from lorries and carrying them to a mass grave, inside the German Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, 1945

Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish Catholic girl who died in Auschwitz. Approximately 230,000 children were held prisoner and used in forced labour and Nazi medical experiments.

Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest, 1940

Soviet partisans hanged by the German army. The Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead, twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied Soviet Union.

B-29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita, Kansas, 1944

A V-2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde, 21 June 1943

Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation "shot tower", at Alamogordo Bombing Range; Trinity nuclear test, New Mexico, July 1945

The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Theater of the Second World War.

- Second Sino-Japanese War

The exact causes of World War II are debated, but contributing factors included the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, the Spanish Civil War, the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviet–Japanese border conflicts, the rise of fascism in Europe and rising European tensions since World War I.

- World War II

Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, he mobilized China for the Second Sino-Japanese War.

- Chiang Kai-shek

When the Second World War ended, the Civil War with the communists (by then led by Mao Zedong) resumed.

- Chiang Kai-shek

Later in the same year, Zhang decided to declare his allegiance to the Nationalist government in Nanjing under Chiang Kai-shek, and consequently, China was nominally reunified under one government.

- Second Sino-Japanese War

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai, but after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell.

- World War II

14 related topics with Alpha

Aerial photo of the Marco Polo Bridge. Wanping Fortress is on the opposite side of the river.

Marco Polo Bridge Incident

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July 1937 battle between China's National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army.

Japanese forces bombarding Wanping Fortress, 1937

Damage from the Japanese shells on the wall of Wanping Fortress is marked with a memorial plaque now. The texts on the stone drums below summarizes the history of the war that followed the incident.

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident is generally regarded as the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

In a sudden volte-face, the Konoe government's foreign minister opened negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek's government in Nanking and stated: "Japan wants Chinese cooperation, not Chinese land."

7 July 1937 is sometimes given as an alternative starting date for World War II (as opposed to the more commonly-cited date of 1 September 1939, when Germany invaded Poland, starting the European theatre of the war).

A Japanese soldier pictured with the corpses of Chinese civilians by Qinhuai River

Nanjing Massacre

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An article on the "Contest to kill 100 people using a sword" published in the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun. The headline reads, Incredible Record' (in the Contest to Cut Down 100 People) – Mukai 106–105 Noda – Both 2nd Lieutenants Go into Extra Innings".

A sword used in the "contest" is on display at the Republic of China Armed Forces Museum in Taipei, Taiwan

Photo taken in Xuzhou, showing the body of a woman who was profaned in a way similar to the teenager described in case 5 of John Magee's film

Case 5 of John Magee's film: on December 13, 1937, about 30 Japanese soldiers murdered all but two of 11 Chinese in the house at No. 5 Xinlukou. A woman and her two teenaged daughters were raped, and Japanese soldiers rammed a bottle and a cane into her vagina. An eight-year-old girl was stabbed, but she and her younger sister survived. They were found alive two weeks after the killings by the elderly woman shown in the photo. Bodies of the victims can also be seen in the photo.

A boy killed by a Japanese soldier with the butt of a rifle, reportedly because he did not take off his hat

Bodies of Chinese massacred by Japanese troops along a river in Nanjing

A Chinese POW about to be beheaded by a Japanese officer using a shin-guntō

Harold John Timperley's telegram of 17 January 1938 describing the atrocities

Photo in the album taken in Nanjing by Itou Kaneo of the Kisarazu Air Unit of the Imperial Japanese Navy

A picture of a dead child. Probably taken by Bernhard Sindberg

Prisoners being buried alive<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133p/133p04papers/JChapelNanjing046.htm|first=Joseph|last=Chapel|title=Denial of the Holocaust and the Rape of Nanking|year=2004}}</ref>

The International Military Tribunal for the Far East was convened at "Ichigaya Court," formally Imperial Japanese Army HQ building in Ichigaya, Tokyo.

$General Iwane Matsui<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.gr.jp/~koa_kan_non/16-4.html|title=「松井石根研究会」の必要性について|work=history.gr.jp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122627/http://www.history.gr.jp/~koa_kan_non/16-4.html|archive-date=July 21, 2011}}</ref>$

$General Hisao Tani<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com.cn/media/200112/12/NewsMedia_147412.jpg|access-date=March 26, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218182317/http://www.people.com.cn/media/200112/12/NewsMedia_147412.jpg|archive-date=February 18, 2010|title=Hisao Tani}}</ref>$

Yanziji Nanjing Massacre Memorial in 2004

A memorial stone at Yanziji in Nanjing, for victims in the Nanjing Massacre

John Rabe's former residence, now the "John Rabe and International Safety Zone Memorial Hall", in Nanjing, July 2008

A monument at the Nanking Massacre Memorial Hall that says there were 300,000 victims, in multiple languages

A statue titled "Family Ruined" in front of the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall

John Rabe's former residence, now the "John Rabe and International Safety Zone Memorial Hall", in Nanjing, September 2010

The Nanjing Massacre or the Rape of Nanjing (formerly romanized as Nanking ) was the mass murder of Chinese civilians in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, immediately after the Battle of Nanjing in the Second Sino-Japanese War, by the Imperial Japanese Army.

The massacre was one of the worst atrocities committed during World War II.

After losing the Battle of Shanghai, Chiang Kai-shek knew that the fall of Nanjing was a matter of time.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

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American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

Eleanor and Franklin with their first two children, 1908

Roosevelt supported Governor Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential election.

Theodore Roosevelt was Franklin Roosevelt's distant cousin and an important influence on his career.

Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1913

Rare photograph of Roosevelt in a wheelchair, with Fala and Ruthie Bie, the daughter of caretakers at his Hyde Park estate. Photo taken by his cousin Margaret Suckley (February 1941).

Gov. Roosevelt with his predecessor Al Smith, 1930

Results of the 1930 gubernatorial election in New York

Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act into law, August 14, 1935

1936 re-election handbill for Roosevelt promoting his economic policy

Roosevelt with Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas and other dignitaries in Brazil, 1936

The Roosevelts with King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, sailing from Washington, D.C., to Mount Vernon, Virginia, on the USS Potomac during the first U.S. visit of a reigning British monarch (June 9, 1939)

Foreign trips of Roosevelt during his presidency

Roosevelt and Winston Churchill aboard HMS Prince of Wales for 1941 Atlantic Charter meeting

Territory controlled by the Allies (blue and red) and the Axis Powers (black) in June 1942

The Allies (blue and red) and the Axis Powers (black) in December 1944

Official portrait of President Roosevelt by Frank O. Salisbury, c. 1947

His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II, which ended shortly after he died in office.

Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins and with very strong national support, he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin, and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allied Powers against the Axis Powers.

When Japan invaded China in 1937, isolationism limited Roosevelt's ability to aid China, despite atrocities like the Nanking Massacre and the USS Panay incident.

Yasuji Okamura

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Okamura (fourth from right) during the surrender of Japan at Nanjing

Yasuji Okamura (岡村寧次) was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, and commander-in-chief of the China Expeditionary Army from November 1944 to the end of World War II.

He was assigned to China in 1923, and served as a military advisor to Chinese warlord general Sun Chuanfang, in this capacity, he gathered many vital information and war maps, which later were used in the military operations of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek then retained him as a military adviser for the Nationalist Government.