A report on Chiang Kai-shek, Shanghai massacre and Sun Yat-sen

Communists being rounded up during the purges

Chiang Kai-shek at the beginning of the Northern Expedition in 1926.

Sun Yat-sen and Chiang at the 1924 opening ceremonies for the Soviet-funded Whampoa Military Academy

Public beheading of a communist in Shanghai

Nanking Nationalist Government was established in 4.18, the head of government was Chiang Kai-shek.

Sun Yat-sen (back row, fourth from right) and his family

Chiang (right) together with Wang Jingwei (left), 1926

Sun (second from left) and his friends the Four Bandits: Yeung Hok-ling (left), Chan Siu-bak (middle), Yau Lit (right), and Guan Jingliang (關景良, standing) at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, circa 1888

Plaque in London marking the site of a house at 4 Warwick Court, WC1 where Sun Yat-sen lived while in exile

Chiang during a visit to an air force base in 1945

Letter from Sun Yat-sen to James Cantlie announcing to him that he has assumed the Presidency of the Provisional Republican Government of China, dated 21 January 1912

Chiang and Soong on the cover of Time magazine, 26 October 1931

A letter with Sun's seal commencing the Tongmenghui in Hong Kong

Nationalist government of Nanking – nominally ruling over entire China in 1930s

Interior of the Wan Qing Yuan featuring Sun's items and photos

After the breakout of the Second Sino-Japanese War, The Young Companion featured Chiang on its cover.

The Sun Yat-sen Museum in George Town, Penang, Malaysia, where he planned the Xinhai Revolution.

Chiang with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in Cairo, Egypt, November 1943

The Revolutionary Army of the Wuchang uprising fighting in the Battle of Yangxia

Chiang and his wife Soong Mei-ling sharing a laugh with U.S. Lieutenant General Joseph W. Stilwell, Burma, April 1942

"Portrait of Sun Yat-sen" (1921) Li Tiefu Oil on Canvas 93×71.7cm

(L-R): Liao Zhongkai, Chiang Kai-shek, Sun Yat-sen and Soong Ching-ling at the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924

Chiang with South Korean President Syngman Rhee in 1949

Sun Yat-sen (seated) and Chiang Kai-shek

Map of the Chinese Civil War (1946–1950)

Sun (seated, right) and his wife Soong Ching-ling (seated next to him) in Kobe, Japan in 1924

Chiang with Japanese politician Nobusuke Kishi, in 1957

Chinese generals at the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in 1928 after the Northern Expedition. From right: Cheng Jin (何成浚), Zhang Zuobao (張作寶), Chen Diaoyuan (陳調元), Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang, Yan Xishan, Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida (馬四達), and Bai Chongxi.

Chiang presiding over the 1966 Double Ten celebrations

Statue in the Mausoleum, Kuomintang flag on the ceiling

Chiang with U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in June 1960

Lu Muzhen (1867–1952), Sun's first wife from 1885 to 1915

The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a famous monument, landmark, and tourist attraction in Taipei, Taiwan.

Chinese propaganda poster proclaiming "Long Live the President"

Aerial perspective of Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall in central Singapore. Taken in 2016

Sun Yat-Sen monument in Chinatown area of Los Angeles, California

Chiang Kai-shek and Winston Churchill heads, with Nationalist China flag and Union Jack

Sun Yat-Sen plaza in the Chinese Quarter of Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Statue of Chiang Kai-shek in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan

Sun Yat-sen tribute in Tiananmen Square, 2010

Chiang Kai-shek with the Muslim General Ma Fushou

Chiang Kai-shek as Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim

Mao Fumei (毛福梅, 1882–1939), who died in the Second Sino-Japanese War during a bombardment, is the mother of his son and successor Chiang Ching-kuo

Sun Yat-sen Memorial Centre, George Town, Penang, Malaysia

Yao Yecheng (姚冶誠, 1889–1972), who came to Taiwan and died in Taipei

A marker on the Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail on Hong Kong Island

Chen Jieru (陳潔如, "Jennie", 1906–1971), who lived in Shanghai, but moved to Hong Kong later and died there

Soong Mei-ling (宋美齡, 1898–2003), who moved to the United States after Chiang Kai-shek's death, is arguably his most famous wife even though they had no children together

The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927, the April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organizations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party, or KMT).

- Shanghai massacre

Born in Chekiang (Zhejiang) Province, Chiang was a member of the Kuomintang (KMT), and a lieutenant of Sun Yat-sen in the revolution to overthrow the Beiyang government and reunify China.

- Chiang Kai-shek

Midway through the Northern Expedition, the KMT–CCP alliance broke down and Chiang massacred communists inside the party, triggering a civil war with the CCP (Chinese Communist Party), which he eventually lost in 1949.

- Chiang Kai-shek

The roots of the April 12 Incident go back to the Kuomintang's alliance with the Soviet Union, formally initiated by the KMT founder Sun Yat-sen after discussions with Soviet diplomat Adolph Joffe in January 1923.

- Shanghai massacre

He did not live to see his party unify the country under his successor, Chiang Kai-shek, in the Northern Expedition.

- Sun Yat-sen

When the Communists and the Kuomintang split in 1927, marking the start of the Chinese Civil War, each group claimed to be his true heirs, a conflict that continued through World War II.

- Sun Yat-sen

6 related topics with Alpha

Kuomintang

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Major political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan).

The Revolutionary Army attacking Nanjing in 1911

The KMT reveres its founder, Sun Yat-sen, as the "Father of the Nation"

Venue of the 1st National Congress of Kuomintang in 1924

Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Kuomintang after Sun's death in 1925

KMT flag displayed in Lhasa, Tibet in 1938

The National Revolutionary Army soldiers marched into the British concessions in Hankou during the Northern Expedition

Nationalist soldiers during the Second Sino-Japanese War

The retrocession of Taiwan in Taipei on 25 October 1945

The former KMT headquarters in Taipei City (1949–2006), whose imposing structure, directly facing the Presidential Office Building, was seen as a symbol of the party's wealth and dominance

Pan-blue supporters at a rally during the 2004 presidential election

Kuomintang public service center in Shilin, Taipei

Lien Chan (middle) and Wu Po-hsiung (second left) and the KMT touring the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing, People's Republic of China when the Pan-Blue coalition visited the mainland in 2005

KMT headquarters in Taipei City before the KMT Central Committee moved in June 2006 to a much more modest Bade building, having sold the original headquarters to private investors of the EVA Airways Corporation

KMT Kinmen headquarters office in Jincheng Township, Kinmen County

KMT Building in Vancouver's Chinatown, British Columbia, Canada

KMT branch office in Pingzhen District, Taoyuan City

The KMT maintains offices in some of the Chinatowns of the world and its United States party headquarters are located in San Francisco Chinatown, on Stockton Street directly across the Chinese Six Companies

KMT Eastern U.S. headquarters is in New York Chinatown

KMT office of Australasia in Sydney, Australia

From left to right, KMT members pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition: Generals Cheng Jin, Zhang Zuobao, Chen Diaoyuan, Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang, Yan Xishan, General Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida and General Bai Chongxi

The party originated as the Revive China Society, founded by Sun Yat-sen on 24 November 1894 in Honolulu, Republic of Hawaii.

From 1926 to 1928, the KMT under Chiang Kai-shek successfully led the Northern Expedition against regional warlords and unified the fragmented nation.

Chiang's expulsion of the CCP and their Soviet advisers, marked by the Shanghai massacre on 12 April, led to the beginning of the Chinese Civil War.

Clockwise from top-left: Chiang inspecting soldiers of the National Revolutionary Army; NRA troops marching north; an NRA artillery unit in combat; civilians showing support for the NRA; peasants volunteering to join the expedition; NRA soldiers preparing to launch an attack.

Northern Expedition

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Military campaign launched by the National Revolutionary Army of the Kuomintang (KMT), also known as the "Chinese Nationalist Party", against the Beiyang government and other regional warlords in 1926.

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, commander-in-chief of the NRA, emerged from the Northern Expedition as the leader of the KMT and China.

Chiang Kai-shek prepares to leave Guangzhou. Those pictured include Mikhail Borodin, on the far left, Vasily Blyukher in military uniform on the right, and Chiang himself in uniform, to the right of Blyukher.

NRA forces enter the British concession at Hankou, October 1926

Members of the National Pacification military government, from left to right: Pan Fu, Gungsangnorbu, Wu Junsheng, Sun Chuanfang, Zhang Zuoxiang, and Zhang Zongchang

Mikhail Borodin making a speech in Wuhan, 1927

Feng Yuxiang meets with Chiang Kai-shek in Xuzhou on 19 June 1927

Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan started to fight the NPA in October 1927, strengthening the KMT military position

Beiyang warlord soldiers retreating by railway

When Zhang Xueliang (right) decided to make peace with the nationalist government, his former subordinates Zhang Zongchang (middle) and Chu Yupu (left) unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow him.

The leaders of the Northern Expedition gather on 6 July 1928 at Sun Yat-sen's mausoleum in the Temple of Azure Clouds, Beijing, to commemorate the completion of their mission.

The expedition was led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, and was divided into two phases.

The split was partially motivated by Chiang's purging of communists within the KMT, which marked the end of the First United Front.

Before his death in March 1925, Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China and co-founder of the KMT, was supportive of Sino-Soviet co-operation, which had involved forming the First United Front with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

First United Front

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Formed in 1924 as an alliance to end warlordism in China.

In 1927, KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek purged the Communists from the Front while the Northern Expedition was still half-complete.

During the time of warlords, Sun Yat-sen kept the idea of a united Chinese republic alive.

Clockwise from top: communist troops at the Battle of Siping; Muslim soldiers of the NRA; Mao Zedong in the 1930s; Chiang Kai-shek inspecting soldiers; CCP general Su Yu inspecting the troops shortly before the Menglianggu campaign

Chinese Civil War

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Fought between the Kuomintang -led government of the Republic of China (ROC) and forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), lasting intermittently after 1927.

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army, emerged from the Northern Expedition as the leader of the Republic of China.

NRA troops firing artillery at Communist forces

Japanese occupation (red) of eastern China near the end of the war, and Communist bases (striped)

Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong met in Chongqing in 1945.

Shangdang Campaign, September–October 1945

Map showing Three Campaigns during the Chinese Civil War

Nationalist warplanes being prepared for an air raid on Communist bases

The PLA enters Beijing in the Pingjin Campaign.

The Nationalists' retreat to Taipei: after the Nationalists lost Nanjing (Nanking) they next moved to Guangzhou (Canton), then to Chongqing (Chungking), Chengdu (Chengtu) and finally, Xichang (Sichang) before arriving in Taipei.

Mao Zedong's proclamation of the founding of the People's Republic in 1949

Communist conquest of Hainan Island in 1950

"Forget not that you are in Jǔ"--a rock in Quemoy Island with Chiang Kai-shek's calligraphy signifying the retaking of one's homeland

Monument in memory of the crossing of the Yangtze in Nanjing

Lockheed U-2C 56-6691 wreckage (pilot Chang Liyi) on display at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution, Beijing

The situation in China in 1929: After the Northern Expedition, the KMT had direct control over east and central China, while the rest of China proper as well as Manchuria was under the control of warlords loyal to the Nationalist government.

Map showing the communist-controlled Soviet Zones of China during and after the encirclement campaigns

Route(s) taken by Communist forces during the Long March

A Communist leader addressing survivors of the Long March

Situation in the winter of 1948 and 1949

Taiwanese side "Reunification under the Three Principles of the People“.

thumb|The Soviet Red Army invaded Manchuria in August 1945.

Chinese Communist soldiers march north to occupy rural Manchuria, 1945.

Following the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the 1911 Revolution, Sun Yat-sen assumed the presidency of the newly formed Republic of China, and was shortly thereafter succeeded by Yuan Shikai.

In 1923, Sun sent Chiang Kai-shek, one of his lieutenants, for several months of military and political study in Moscow.

The CCP referred to this as the 12 April Incident, the White Terror or Shanghai Massacre.

Panlongcheng, located in the southernmost area of the Erligang culture

Wuhan

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Capital of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China.

Foreign concessions along the Hankow Bund c. 1900.

Wuchang Uprising Memorial, the original site of revolutionary government in 1911

A map of Wuhan painted by the Japanese in 1930, with Hankou being the most prosperous sector

Chiang Kai-Shek inspecting Chinese soldiers in Wuhan as Japanese forces approach the city

People's Liberation Army troops at Zhongshan Avenue, Hankou on May 16, 1949

In his poem "Swimming" (1956), engraved on the 1954 Flood Memorial in Wuhan, Mao Zedong envisions "walls of stone" to be erected upstream.

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Map including the Wuhan area (AMS, 1953)

The main gate of Wuhan Municipal Party Committee

A night sight near a modern shopping mall in Hongshan District

A tram in University Science Park Station

Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng, made in 433 BC, now on display at the Hubei Provincial Museum in Wuhan

The old library (center), dorm (below), and schools of literature and law (left and right) of Wuhan University

The Institute for Advanced Studies at Wuhan University

Doupi on the left and Re-gan mian on the right

Li Na, a former professional tennis player and two-time Grand Slam champion, serving at Wimbledon 2008, 1st round against Anastasia Rodionova

On October 10, 1911, Sun Yat-sen's followers launched the Wuchang Uprising, which led to the collapse of the Qing state and 2,000 years of dynastic rule, as well as the establishment of the Republic of China.

The split was partially motivated by the purge of the Communists within the party, which marked the end of the First United Front, and Chiang Kai-shek briefly stepped down as the commander of the National Revolutionary Army.