A report on Chiang Kai-shek and Shanghai massacre

Communists being rounded up during the purges

Chiang Kai-shek at the beginning of the Northern Expedition in 1926.

Sun Yat-sen and Chiang at the 1924 opening ceremonies for the Soviet-funded Whampoa Military Academy

Public beheading of a communist in Shanghai

Nanking Nationalist Government was established in 4.18, the head of government was Chiang Kai-shek.

Chiang (right) together with Wang Jingwei (left), 1926

Chiang during a visit to an air force base in 1945

Chiang and Soong on the cover of Time magazine, 26 October 1931

Nationalist government of Nanking – nominally ruling over entire China in 1930s

After the breakout of the Second Sino-Japanese War, The Young Companion featured Chiang on its cover.

Chiang with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in Cairo, Egypt, November 1943

Chiang and his wife Soong Mei-ling sharing a laugh with U.S. Lieutenant General Joseph W. Stilwell, Burma, April 1942

Chiang with South Korean President Syngman Rhee in 1949

Map of the Chinese Civil War (1946–1950)

Chiang with Japanese politician Nobusuke Kishi, in 1957

Chiang presiding over the 1966 Double Ten celebrations

Chiang with U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in June 1960

The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a famous monument, landmark, and tourist attraction in Taipei, Taiwan.

Chinese propaganda poster proclaiming "Long Live the President"

Chiang Kai-shek and Winston Churchill heads, with Nationalist China flag and Union Jack

Statue of Chiang Kai-shek in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan

Chiang Kai-shek with the Muslim General Ma Fushou

Chiang Kai-shek as Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim

Mao Fumei (毛福梅, 1882–1939), who died in the Second Sino-Japanese War during a bombardment, is the mother of his son and successor Chiang Ching-kuo

Yao Yecheng (姚冶誠, 1889–1972), who came to Taiwan and died in Taipei

Chen Jieru (陳潔如, "Jennie", 1906–1971), who lived in Shanghai, but moved to Hong Kong later and died there

Soong Mei-ling (宋美齡, 1898–2003), who moved to the United States after Chiang Kai-shek's death, is arguably his most famous wife even though they had no children together

The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927, the April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organizations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party, or KMT).

- Shanghai massacre

Midway through the Northern Expedition, the KMT–CCP alliance broke down and Chiang massacred communists inside the party, triggering a civil war with the CCP (Chinese Communist Party), which he eventually lost in 1949.

- Chiang Kai-shek

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People's Liberation Army

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Principal military force of the People's Republic of China and the armed wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

PLA troops entering Beijing in 1949 during the Chinese Civil War

Chinese troops gathered on a T-34/85 or a Type 58 medium tank leaving North Korea in 1958, 5 years after the Korean War ended with an armistice (a ceasefire) in 1953. The banner in the background of the picture bears a slogan (in Chinese) which declares "The Friendship And Unity of the North Korean And Chinese Peoples Are Always Steadfast And Strong!"

Marshal Lin Biao surveying the soldiers during the 10th-anniversary military parade in 1959.

The CMC is ceremonially housed in the Ministry of National Defense compound ("August 1st Building")

A Type 99A main battle tank in service with the PLAGF

A PLAN destroyer conducting maritime interdiction operations at RIMPAC 2016

A Chengdu J-20 5th generation stealth fighter

A PLA Navy Special Operations Forces marine during a maritime operations exercise in RIMPAC 2014.

The range of the PLA Rocket Force's medium and intercontinental ballistic missiles (2006)

A pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2019, in US$ billions, according to SIPRI

PLA Factory No. 6907, Wuhan. The white characters on the blue sign roughly translate to: "Secret/Classified Area, Do Not Enter Unless Invited."

The Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army of China at the Great Hall of the People. The band is a common performer of the military anthem of the PLA at ceremonial protocol events.

alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background.|PLA

alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag is a green bar.|Ground Force

alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag are stripes of blue, white, blue, white and blue.|Navy

alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag is a sky blue bar.|Air Force

alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag is a yellow bar.|Rocket Force

The CCP founded their military wing on 1 August 1927 during the Nanchang uprising when Communist elements of the National Revolutionary Army rebelled under the leadership of Zhu De, He Long, Ye Jianying and Zhou Enlai and other leftist elements of the Kuomintang after the Shanghai massacre of 1927 by Chiang Kai-shek.

Li Zongren

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Prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang (KMT) military commander during the Northern Expedition, Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War.

Former residence of Li Zongren in Nanjing.

Li Zongren posing after the successful defense of Tai'erzhuang.

Former residence of Li Zongren in Guilin.

Li Zongren and Mao Zedong on 1st of October, 1966 during the national day celebration

When Wang Jingwei installed a left-leaning KMT faction in Wuhan, Borodin attempted to recruit Li to join the Communists, but Li was loyal to Chiang Kai-shek and refused.

In the resulting White Terror, thousands of suspected Communists were summarily executed.

Mikhail Borodin

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Bolshevik revolutionary and Communist International (Comintern) agent.

Under Borodin's tutelage, both parties were reorganised on the Leninist principle of democratic centralism, and training institutes for mass organisation were established, such as the Peasant Training Institute, where the young Mao Zedong served, and the Whampoa Military Academy, which trained officers for the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek.

Borodin's anxieties heightened even further in April 1927, when Chiang initiated a new purge of KMT leftists and communists, known as the "Shanghai Massacre".

Du Yuesheng

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Chinese mob boss who spent much of his life in Shanghai.

Former residence of Du Yuesheng, a historic house in Hangzhou, Zhejiang.

He was a key supporter of Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang in their battle against the Communists in the 1920s, and was a figure of some importance during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Chiang forged political alliances throughout the 1920s, with some of the secret societies going as far as to offer their support in the 1927 Shanghai Purge.

Green Gang

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Chinese secret society and criminal organization, which was prominent in criminal, social and political activity in Shanghai during the early to mid 20th century.

The Green Gang was often hired by Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang to break up union meetings and labor strikes and was also involved in the Chinese Civil War.

Carrying the name of the Society for Common Progress, it was — along with other criminal gangs — responsible for the White Terror massacre of approximately 5,000 pro-Communist strikers in Shanghai in April 1927, which was ordered by Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek.

Shanghai International Settlement

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The Shanghai International Settlement originated from the merger in the year 1863 of the British and American enclaves in Shanghai, in which British subjects and American citizens would enjoy extraterritoriality and consular jurisdiction under the terms of treaties agreed by both parties.

Location of Shanghai International Settlement (in red) relative to the French Concession (faded yellow) and the Chinese zone (gray)

Nanking Road, Shanghai, within the International Settlement.

1935 map of Shanghai showing the International Settlement with its boundary marked "settlement boundary", as well as the French Concession with an unlabelled boundary also marked.

1884 map of Shanghai with foreign concessions: the British Concession in blue, the French Concession to the south in faded red and American Concession to the north in faded orange; Chinese part of the city to the south of the French Concession in faded yellow.

Boundary Stone of the Shanghai International Settlement.

A caricature of Stirling Fessenden, one of the longest serving chairmen of the SMC, as the "Lord Mayor of Shanghai"

Currency issued inside the settlement for use by the British Armed Forces inside the city (c. 1940)

The building of the British Supreme Court for China in Shanghai

"The Gardens (Huangpu Park) are reserved for the Foreign Community".

Shanghai local post stamp showing the seal of the Municipal Council

Simplified map of Shanghai Settlement (west on top)

He oversaw many of the major incidents of the decade, including the May 30th Movement and the White Terror that came with the Shanghai massacre of 1927.

In February 1943, the International Settlement was de jure returned to the Chinese as part of the British–Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China and American–Chinese Treaty for Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China with the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek.