A report on Chinese characters

Excerpt from a 1436 primer on Chinese characters
Comparative evolution from pictograms to abstract shapes, in cuneiform, Egyptian and Chinese characters
Ox scapula with oracle bone inscription
The Shi Qiang pan, a bronze ritual basin dated to around 900 BC. Long inscriptions on the surface describe the deeds and virtues of the first seven Zhou kings.
A page from a Song dynasty publication in a regular script typeface which resembles the handwriting of Ouyang Xun from Tang Dynasty
The first batch of Simplified Characters introduced in 1935 consisted of 324 characters.
Current (dark green) and former extension (light green) of the use of Chinese characters
The first two lines of the classic Vietnamese epic poem The Tale of Kieu, written in the Nôm script and the modern Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters representing Sino-Vietnamese words are shown in green, characters borrowed for similar-sounding native Vietnamese words in purple, and invented characters in brown.
Mongolian text from The Secret History of the Mongols in Chinese transcription, with a glossary on the right of each row
Sample of the cursive script by Chinese Tang dynasty calligrapher Sun Guoting, c. 650 AD
Chinese calligraphy of mixed styles written by Song dynasty (1051–1108 AD) poet Mifu. For centuries, the Chinese literati were expected to master the art of calligraphy.
The first four characters of Thousand Character Classic in different type and script styles. From right to left: seal script, clerical script, regular script, Ming and sans-serif.
Variants of the Chinese character for guī 'turtle', collected c. 1800 from printed sources. The one at left is the traditional form used today in Taiwan and Hong Kong,, though may look slightly different, or even like the second variant from the left, depending on your font (see Wiktionary). The modern simplified forms used in China,, and in Japan, 亀, are most similar to the variant in the middle of the bottom row, though neither is identical. A few more closely resemble the modern simplified form of the character for diàn 'lightning', 电.
Five of the 30 variant characters found in the preface of the Imperial (Kangxi) Dictionary which are not found in the dictionary itself. They are 為 (爲) wèi "due to", 此 cǐ "this", 所 suǒ "place", 能 néng "be able to", 兼 jiān "concurrently". (Although the form of 為 is not very different, and in fact is used today in Japan, the radical 爪 has been obliterated.) Another variant from the preface, 来 for 來 lái "to come", also not listed in the dictionary, has been adopted as the standard in Mainland China and Japan.
The character 次 in Simplified and Traditional Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. If you have an appropriate font installed, you can see the corresponding character in Vietnamese:.
Zhé, "verbose"
Zhèng (unknown meaning)
alternative form of Taito
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Cumulative frequency of simplified Chinese characters in Modern Chinese text
Kanji for 剣道 (Kendo), pronounced differently from the Korean term 劍道 (Kumdo), or the Chinese words 劍道 (jiàndào; it is more common to use the expressions 劍術 jiànshù or 劍法 jiànfǎ in Chinese).
Nàng, "poor enunciation due to snuffle"
Taito, "the appearance of a dragon in flight"
Biáng, a kind of noodle in Shaanxi

Chinese characters are logograms developed for the writing of Chinese.

- Chinese characters
Excerpt from a 1436 primer on Chinese characters

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Yokogaki

Japanese writing system

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Yokogaki

The modern Japanese writing system uses a combination of logographic kanji, which are adopted Chinese characters, and syllabic kana.

A page from Tự Đức Thánh Chế Tự Học Giải Nghĩa Ca, a 19th-century primer for teaching Vietnamese children Chinese characters. The work is attributed to Emperor Tự Đức, the 4th Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. In this primer, chữ Nôm is used to gloss the Chinese characters, for example, is used to gloss.

Chữ Nôm

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Logographic writing system formerly used to write the Vietnamese language.

Logographic writing system formerly used to write the Vietnamese language.

A page from Tự Đức Thánh Chế Tự Học Giải Nghĩa Ca, a 19th-century primer for teaching Vietnamese children Chinese characters. The work is attributed to Emperor Tự Đức, the 4th Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. In this primer, chữ Nôm is used to gloss the Chinese characters, for example, is used to gloss.
A page from the bilingual dictionary Nhật dụng thường đàm (1851). Characters representing words in Hán (Chinese) are explained in Nôm (Vietnamese).
A page from The Tale of Kieu by Nguyễn Du. This novel was first published in 1820 and is the best-known work in Nom. The edition shown was printed in the late 19th century.
Characters for cân (top) and khăn (bottom), meaning turban/towel, in Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca. The character for khăn has a diacritic to indicate different pronunciation.
The Nom character for phở, a popular soup made from rice noodles. The radical on the left suggests that the meaning of the character is linked to rice. The phonetic component on the right suggests that the pronunciation of the character is linked to that of  phở, and in this case the character's pronunciation and that of its phonetic component is the same.
Chữ Hán characters compared to chũ Nôm characters.

It uses Chinese characters (Chữ Hán) to represent Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and some native Vietnamese words, with other words represented by new characters created using a variety of methods, including phono-semantic compounds.

The Classic of Poetry (詩經 or shījīng), a collection of Chinese poetry, comprising 305 works dating from the 11th to 7th centuries BC

Classical Chinese

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Classical Chinese, also known as Literary Chinese (古文 gǔwén "ancient text", or 文言 wényán "text speak", meaning

Classical Chinese, also known as Literary Chinese (古文 gǔwén "ancient text", or 文言 wényán "text speak", meaning

The Classic of Poetry (詩經 or shījīng), a collection of Chinese poetry, comprising 305 works dating from the 11th to 7th centuries BC
The shape of the Oracle bone script character for "person" may have influenced that for "harvest" (which later came to mean "year"). Today, they are pronounced rén and nián in Mandarin, but their hypothesized pronunciations in Old Chinese were very similar, which may explain the resemblance. For example, in the recent Baxter-Sagart reconstruction, they were and, respectively, becoming and  in Early Middle Chinese.
Classical Chinese was used in international communication between the Mongol Empire and Japan. This letter, dated 1266, was sent from Khubilai Khan to the "King of Japan" (日本國王) before the Mongol invasions of Japan; it was written in Classical Chinese. Now stored in Tōdai-ji, Nara, Japan. There are some grammar notes on it, which were to help Japanese speakers better understand it.

However, the non-phonetic Chinese writing system causes a unique situation where the modern pronunciation of the classical language is far more divergent (and heterogeneous, depending on the native – not necessarily Chinese – tongue of the reader) than in analogous cases, complicating understanding and study of Classical Chinese further compared to other classical languages.

b with flourish

Vietnamese language

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Austroasiatic language originating from Vietnam where it is the national and official language.

Austroasiatic language originating from Vietnam where it is the national and official language.

b with flourish
de Rhodes's entry for dĕóu᷄ shows distinct breves, acutes and apices.
Global distribution of speakers
Pitch contours and duration of the six Northern Vietnamese tones as spoken by a male speaker (not from Hanoi). Fundamental frequency is plotted over time. From Nguyễn & Edmondson (1998).
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia
Old Nôm character for rice noodle soup "phở". The character ⽶|米 on the left means "rice" whilst the character on the right "頗" was used to indicate the sound of the word (phở).
The first two lines of the classic Vietnamese epic poem The Tale of Kieu, written in the Nôm script and the modern Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters representing Sino-Vietnamese words are shown in, characters borrowed for similar-sounding native Vietnamese words in, and invented characters in.
In the bilingual dictionary Nhật dụng thường đàm (1851), Chinese characters (chữ Nho) are explained in chữ Nôm.
Jean-Louis Taberd's dictionary Dictionarium anamitico-latinum (1838) represents Vietnamese (then Annamese) words in the Latin alphabet and chữ Nôm.
A sign at the Hỏa Lò Prison museum in Hanoi lists rules for visitors in both Vietnamese and English.

Vietnamese was historically written using Chữ Nôm, a logographic script using Chinese characters (Chữ Hán) to represent Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and some native Vietnamese words, together with many locally-invented characters to represent other words.

Japanese language

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Spoken natively by about 128 million people, primarily by Japanese people and primarily in Japan, the only country where it is the national language.

Spoken natively by about 128 million people, primarily by Japanese people and primarily in Japan, the only country where it is the national language.

A page from the Man'yōshū, the oldest anthology of classical Japanese poetry
A 12th-century emaki scroll of The Tale of Genji from the 11th century
Map of Japanese dialects and Japonic languages
The vowels of Standard Japanese on a vowel chart. Adapted from.
Table of Kana (including Youon): Hiragana top, Katakana in the center and Romanized equivalents at the bottom

The Japanese writing system combines Chinese characters, known as kanji (漢字), with two unique syllabaries (or moraic scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters: hiragana (ひらがな or 平仮名, 'simple characters') and katakana (カタカナ or 片仮名, 'partial characters').

Kangxi Dictionary, 1827 version

Kangxi Dictionary

5 links

Kangxi Dictionary, 1827 version

The Kangxi Dictionary ( (Compendium of standard characters from the Kangxi period), published in 1716, was the most authoritative dictionary of Chinese characters from the 18th century through the early 20th.

Shang oracle bone script: 虎 hǔ 'tiger'

Oracle bone script

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Shang oracle bone script: 虎 hǔ 'tiger'
Comparison of characters in Shang bronzeware script (first and fourth rows), oracle bone script (second and fifth rows), and regular script (third and sixth rows); click the image and then scroll down for a description with further details on each character
Shang oracle bone script: 目 mù 'eye'
豕 shĭ 'swine'
犬 quǎn 'dog'
Comparison of oracle bone script, large and small seal scripts, and regular script characters for autumn (秋)
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Oracle script for Spring
Oracle bone script: (from left) 馬/马 mǎ "horse", 虎 hǔ "tiger", 豕 shĭ "swine", 犬 quǎn "dog", 鼠 shǔ "rat and mouse", 象 xiàng "elephant", 豸 zhì "beasts of prey", 龜/龟 guī "turtle", 爿 qiáng "low table" (now 床 chuáng), 為/为 wèi "to lead" (now "do" or "for"), and 疾 jí "illness"
Hand copy of a Zhou inscription
Wang Yirong, Chinese politician and scholar, was the first to recognize the oracle bone inscriptions as ancient writing.
An oracle bone (which is incomplete) with a diviner asking the Shang king if there would be misfortune over the next ten days
Tortoise plastron with divination inscription dating to the reign of King Wu Ding
Oracle script from a divining
Oracle script inquiry about rain: "Today, will it rain?"
Oracle script inquiry about rain (annotated)
Oracle script for Autumn
Oracle script for Winter
Shang oracle bone numerals of 14th century B.C.<ref>The Shorter Science & Civilisation in China Vol 2, An abridgement by Colin Ronan of Joseph Needham's original text, Table 20, p. 6, Cambridge University Press {{isbn|0-521-23582-0}}</ref>

Oracle bone script was the ancestor of modern Chinese characters engraved on oracle bones—animal bones or turtle plastrons used in pyromantic divination—in the late 2nd millennium BC, and is the earliest known form of Chinese writing.

The 540 radicals of the Shuowen Jiezi in the original seal script

Shuowen Jiezi

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Ancient Chinese dictionary from the Han dynasty.

Ancient Chinese dictionary from the Han dynasty.

The 540 radicals of the Shuowen Jiezi in the original seal script
Entry for 子 zǐ "child", showing the small seal form (top right), with the "ancient script" and Zhòuwén forms on the left
Page from a copy of a Song dynasty edition of the Shuowen, showing characters with the 言 element, including 說 shuō

Although not the first comprehensive Chinese character dictionary (the Erya predates it), it was the first to analyze the structure of the characters and to give the rationale behind them, as well as the first to use the principle of organization by sections with shared components called radicals (bùshǒu 部首, lit. "section headers").

Logo of the Unicode Consortium

Unicode

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Information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems.

Information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems.

Logo of the Unicode Consortium
Many modern applications can render a substantial subset of the many scripts in Unicode, as demonstrated by this screenshot from the OpenOffice.org application.
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Various Cyrillic characters shown with upright, oblique and italic alternate forms

In the case of Chinese characters, this sometimes leads to controversies over distinguishing the underlying character from its variant glyphs (see Han unification).

List of Kangxi radicals in a font imitating the original character shapes of the Kangxi Dictionary.

Kangxi radical

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List of Kangxi radicals in a font imitating the original character shapes of the Kangxi Dictionary.
Distribution of the number of entries per radical in the Kangxi Dictionary

The 214 Kangxi radicals, also known as the Zihui radicals, form a system of radicals of Chinese characters.