A report on Claude Louis Berthollet

Lavoisier and Berthollet, Chimistes Celebres, Liebig's Extract of Meat Company Trading Card, 1929

Savoyard-French chemist who became vice president of the French Senate in 1804.

- Claude Louis Berthollet

16 related topics with Alpha

Bleach

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Generic name for any chemical product that is used industrially or domestically to remove color from a fabric or fiber or to clean or to remove stains in a process called bleaching.

Early method of bleaching cotton and linen goods on lawns

Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered chlorine in 1774, and in 1785 French scientist Claude Berthollet recognized that it could be used to bleach fabrics.

Chlorine

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Chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17.

Chlorine, liquefied under a pressure of 7.4 bar at room temperature, displayed in a quartz ampule embedded in acrylic glass.

Structure of solid deuterium chloride, with D···Cl hydrogen bonds

Hydrated nickel(II) chloride, NiCl2(H2O)6.

Yellow chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas above a solution containing chlorine dioxide.

Structure of dichlorine heptoxide, Cl2O7, the most stable of the chlorine oxides

Suggested mechanism for the chlorination of a carboxylic acid by phosphorus pentachloride to form an acyl chloride

Membrane cell process for chloralkali production

$Chlorine "attack" on an acetal resin plumbing joint resulting from a fractured acetal joint in a water supply system which started at an injection molding defect in the joint and slowly grew until the part failed; the fracture surface shows iron and calcium salts that were deposited in the leaking joint from the water supply before failure and are the indirect result of the chlorine attack$

Common chemical theory at that time held that an acid is a compound that contains oxygen (remnants of this survive in the German and Dutch names of oxygen: sauerstoff or zuurstof, both translating into English as acid substance), so a number of chemists, including Claude Berthollet, suggested that Scheele's dephlogisticated muriatic acid air must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element, muriaticum.

Ball-and-stick model of the diamminesilver(I) cation, [Ag(NH3)2]+

Ammonia

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Compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

Ball-and-stick model of the tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cation, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](2+)

This high-pressure reactor was built in 1921 by BASF in Ludwigshafen and was re-erected on the premises of the University of Karlsruhe in Germany.

Ammoniacal Gas Engine Streetcar in New Orleans drawn by Alfred Waud in 1871.

The X-15 aircraft used ammonia as one component fuel of its rocket engine

Anti-meth sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, Otley, Iowa. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertilizer that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa used grant money to give out thousands of locks to prevent criminals from getting into the tanks.

The world's longest ammonia pipeline (roughly 2400 km long), running from the TogliattiAzot plant in Russia to Odessa in Ukraine

Hydrochloric acid sample releasing HCl fumes, which are reacting with ammonia fumes to produce a white smoke of ammonium chloride.

Production trend of ammonia between 1947 and 2007

Main symptoms of hyperammonemia (ammonia reaching toxic concentrations).

Ammonia occurs in the atmospheres of the outer giant planets such as Jupiter (0.026% ammonia), Saturn (0.012% ammonia), and in the atmospheres and ices of Uranus and Neptune.

Eleven years later in 1785, Claude Louis Berthollet ascertained its composition.

Law of definite proportions

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In chemistry, the law of definite proportions, sometimes called Proust's law, or law of constant composition states that a given

In fact, when first proposed, it was a controversial statement and was opposed by other chemists, most notably Proust's fellow Frenchman Claude Louis Berthollet, who argued that the elements could combine in any proportion.

Portrait of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his Wife by Jacques-Louis David (detail)

Antoine Lavoisier

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French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.

Lavoisier conducting an experiment on respiration in the 1770s

Portrait of Lavoisier explaining to his wife the result of his experiments on air by Ernest Board

Éleuthère Irénée du Pont (right) and mentor Antoine Lavoisier

Lavoisier, by Jacques-Léonard Maillet, ca 1853, among culture heroes in the Louvre's Cour Napoléon

Antoine Lavoisier's phlogiston experiment. Engraving by Mme Lavoisier in the 1780s taken from Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary treatise on chemistry)

Joseph Priestley, an English chemist known for isolating oxygen, which he termed "dephlogisticated air"

Lavoisier's Laboratory, Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris

Lavoisier (wearing goggles) operates his solar furnace to prevent contamination from combustion products.

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier by Jules Dalou 1866

Medal commemorating Franklin and Lavoisier, 2018

The work of Lavoisier was translated in Japan in the 1840s, through the process of Rangaku. Page from Udagawa Yōan's 1840 Seimi Kaisō

Lavoisier, together with Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Claude-Louis Berthollet, and Antoine François de Fourcroy, submitted a new program for the reforms of chemical nomenclature to the Academy in 1787, for there was virtually no rational system of chemical nomenclature at this time.

Fourcroy with the first volume of his book Systeme des connaissances chimiques, painted by François Dumont c. 1800

Antoine-François de Fourcroy

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French chemist and a contemporary of Antoine Lavoisier.

Last work published by Foucroy before his death, the "Système des connaissances chimiques et de leurs applications aux phénomènes de la nature et de l'art", 1801.

A marble bust of Fourcroy designed by Antoine-Denis Chaudet and completed by Pierre Cartellier in 1811.

Portrait by Lemmonier in the Museum of the History of Medicine, Paris

Fourcroy collaborated with Lavoisier, Guyton de Morveau, and Claude Berthollet on the Méthode de nomenclature chimique, a work that helped standardize chemical nomenclature.

Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau

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French chemist, politician, and aeronaut.

First page of Lavoisier's Chymical Nomenclature

Airship flown by Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, 1784

First flight with a dirigible balloon, 12 June 1784.

Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau‘s 1788 publication entitled Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique, published with colleagues Antoine Lavoisier, Claude Louis Berthollet, and Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy, was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, presented at the Académie des Sciences (Paris) in 2015.

Jöns Jacob Berzelius

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Swedish chemist.

Illustration of Berzelius (published 1903)

Portrait by Olof Johan Södermark (1790–1848). Print Artist: Charles W. Sharpe, d. 1875(76)

The Letters of Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Christian Friedrich Schönbein 1836 1847, London 1900

Statue of Berzelius in the center of Berzelii Park, Stockholm

Berzelianite included in calcite from the Skrikerum mine in Sweden

Volumes 4-6 of Lärbok i kemien, titled Lärbok i organiska kemien

However, during this time, Berzelius traveled to France to work in the chemical laboratories of Claude Louis Berthollet.

Origin of title phenomenon in crystallographic defects. Shown is a two-dimensional slice through a primitive cubic crystal system showing the regular square array of atoms on one face (open circles, o), and with these, places where atoms are missing from a regular site to create vacancies, displaced to an adjacent acceptable space to create a Frenkel pair, or substituted by a smaller or larger atom not usually seen (closed circles, • ), in each case resulting in a material that is moved toward being measurably non-stoichiometric.

Non-stoichiometric compound

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Otherwise perfect lattice work.

Pyrrhotite, an example of a non-stoichiometric inorganic compound, with formula Fe1−xS (x = 0 to 0.2).

The names come from Claude Louis Berthollet and John Dalton, respectively, who in the 19th century advocated rival theories of the composition of substances.

Talloires

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Former commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

The Tufts European Center on the Talloires campus

The famous chemist Claude Louis Berthollet was born in Talloires, then part of the Duchy of Savoy, in 1749.