Cofactor (biochemistry)
Non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst .
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism.
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism.
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Some proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors.
Adenosine triphosphate
Organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, condensate dissolution, and chemical synthesis.
Organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, condensate dissolution, and chemical synthesis.
It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA, and is used as a coenzyme.
Glycolysis
Metabolic pathway that converts glucose , into pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H).
Metabolic pathway that converts glucose , into pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H).
Arthur Harden and William Young along with Nick Sheppard determined, in a second experiment, that a heat-sensitive high-molecular-weight subcellular fraction (the enzymes) and a heat-insensitive low-molecular-weight cytoplasm fraction (ADP, ATP and NAD+ and other cofactors) are required together for fermentation to proceed.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate and a lipoamide to give the acetylated dihydrolipoamide and carbon dioxide.
Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate and a lipoamide to give the acetylated dihydrolipoamide and carbon dioxide.
The conversion requires the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate.
Vitamin
Organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism.
Organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism.
The B complex vitamins function as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them.
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate.
Nucleotides are organic molecules consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate.
They provide chemical energy—in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP)—throughout the cell for the many cellular functions that demand energy, including: amino acid, protein and cell membrane synthesis, moving the cell and cell parts (both internally and intercellularly), cell division, etc. In addition, nucleotides participate in cell signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate or cGMP and cyclic adenosine monophosphate or cAMP), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (e.g. coenzyme A, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP+).
Cobalt
Chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27.
Chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27.
Cobalt is the active center of a group of coenzymes called cobalamins.