A report on Cognition and Emotion

A cognitive model, as illustrated by Robert Fludd (1619)

When the mind makes a generalization such as the concept of tree, it extracts similarities from numerous examples; the simplification enables higher-level thinking (abstract thinking).

Two dimensions of emotions. Made accessible for practical use.

Illustration from Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)

Simplified graph of James-Lange Theory of Emotion

In some theories, cognition is an important aspect of emotion.

- Emotion

Traditionally, emotion was not thought of as a cognitive process, but now much research is being undertaken to examine the cognitive psychology of emotion; research is also focused on one's awareness of one's own strategies and methods of cognition, which is called metacognition.The concept of cognition has gone through several revisions through the development of disciplines within psychology.

- Cognition

7 related topics with Alpha

Wilhelm Wundt (seated) with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind.

Psychology

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Scientific study of mind and behavior.

One of the dogs used in Pavlov's experiment with a surgically implanted cannula to measure salivation, preserved in the Pavlov Museum in Ryazan, Russia

False-color representations of cerebral fiber pathways affected, per Van Horn et al.

Skinner's teaching machine, a mechanical invention to automate the task of programmed instruction

The Müller–Lyer illusion. Psychologists make inferences about mental processes from shared phenomena such as optical illusions.

Group photo 1909 in front of Clark University. Front row: Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, Carl Jung; back row: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sándor Ferenczi.

Psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943 posited that humans have a hierarchy of needs, and it makes sense to fulfill the basic needs first (food, water etc.) before higher-order needs can be met.

Developmental psychologists would engage a child with a book and then make observations based on how the child interacts with the object.

An example of an item from a cognitive abilities test used in educational psychology.

Flowchart of four phases (enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis) of a parallel randomized trial of two groups, modified from the CONSORT 2010 Statement

The experimenter (E) orders the teacher (T), the subject of the experiment, to give what the latter believes are painful electric shocks to a learner (L), who is actually an actor and confederate. The subject believes that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments. Being separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electro-shock generator, which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level etc.

Artificial neural network with two layers, an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network of neurons in the human brain.

A rat undergoing a Morris water navigation test used in behavioral neuroscience to study the role of the hippocampus in spatial learning and memory.

Phineas P. Gage survived an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and is remembered for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior.

Psychologists are involved in research on perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, subjective experiences, motivation, brain functioning, and personality.

Cognitive science

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Interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes with input from linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science/artificial intelligence, and anthropology.

A well known example of a phrase structure tree. This is one way of representing human language that shows how different components are organized hierarchically.

The Necker cube, an example of an optical illusion

An optical illusion. The square A is exactly the same shade of gray as square B. See checker shadow illusion.

Image of the human head with the brain. The arrow indicates the position of the hypothalamus.

An artificial neural network with two layers.

It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense).

Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology.

Drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1899) of neurons in the pigeon cerebellum

Neuroscience

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Scientific study of the nervous system and its functions.

Illustration from Gray's Anatomy (1918) of a lateral view of the human brain, featuring the hippocampus among other neuroanatomical features

The Golgi stain first allowed for the visualization of individual neurons.

Photograph of a stained neuron in a chicken embryo

Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013)

Parasagittal MRI of the head of a patient with benign familial macrocephaly

The techniques used by neuroscientists have expanded enormously, from molecular and cellular studies of individual neurons to imaging of sensory, motor and cognitive tasks in the brain.

Questions in systems neuroscience include how neural circuits are formed and used anatomically and physiologically to produce functions such as reflexes, multisensory integration, motor coordination, circadian rhythms, emotional responses, learning, and memory.

The word psyche comes from the ancient Greek for 'soul' or 'butterfly'. The fluttering insect appears in the coat of arms of Britain's Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Psychiatry

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Medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.

NIMH federal agency patient room for Psychiatric research, Maryland, USA

Dr. Philippe Pinel at the Salpêtrière, 1795 by Tony Robert-Fleury. Pinel ordering the removal of chains from patients at the Paris Asylum for insane women.

Otto Loewi's work led to the identification of the first neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.

Disability-adjusted life year for neuropsychiatric conditions
per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002
no data
less than 10
10–20
20–30
30–40
40–50
50–60
60–80
80–100
100–120
120–140
140–150
more than 150

These include various maladaptations related to mood, behaviour, cognition, and perceptions.

He classified neurosis into four emotional disorders: fear and anxiety, anger and aggression, sadness and depression, and obsession.

An anthropologist with indigenous American people

Anthropology

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Scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species.

Bernardino de Sahagún is considered to be the founder of modern anthropology.

Forensic anthropologists can help identify skeletonized human remains, such as these found lying in scrub in Western Australia, c. 1900–1910.

The Rosetta Stone was an example of ancient communication.

A Punu tribe mask, Gabon, Central Africa

Five of the seven known fossil teeth of Homo luzonensis found in Callao Cave.

This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group – with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories – shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health.

Medicine

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Science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.

Elizabeth Blackwell, the first female physician in the United States graduated from SUNY Upstate (1847)

The Hospital of Santa Maria della Scala, fresco by Domenico di Bartolo, 1441–1442

Nurses in Kokopo, East New Britain, Papua New Guinea

Drawing by Marguerite Martyn (1918) of a visiting nurse in St. Louis, Missouri, with medicine and babies

Louis Pasteur, as portrayed in his laboratory, 1885 by Albert Edelfelt

Gynecologist Michel Akotionga of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Medical students learning about stitches

Headquarters of the Organización Médica Colegial de España, which regulates the medical profession in Spain

A 12th-century Byzantine manuscript of the Hippocratic Oath

Statuette of ancient Egyptian physician Imhotep, the first physician from antiquity known by name

Mosaic on the floor of the Asclepieion of Kos, depicting Hippocrates, with Asklepius in the middle (2nd–3rd century)

A manuscript of Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah by Ali al-Ridha, the eighth Imam of Shia Muslims. The text says: "Golden dissertation in medicine which is sent by Imam Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha, peace be upon him, to al-Ma'mun."

Siena's Santa Maria della Scala Hospital, one of Europe's oldest hospitals. During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church established universities to revive the study of sciences, drawing on the learning of Greek and Arab physicians in the study of medicine.

Paul-Louis Simond injecting a plague vaccine in Karachi, 1898

Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin in September 1928 marks the start of modern antibiotics.

Packaging of cardiac medicine at the Star pharmaceutical factory in Tampere, Finland in 1953.

Psychiatry is the branch of medicine concerned with the bio-psycho-social study of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cognitive, perceptual, emotional and behavioral disorders. Related fields include psychotherapy and clinical psychology.

René Descartes

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French philosopher, mathematician, scientist and lay Catholic who invented analytic geometry, linking the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra.

The house where Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine

Graduation registry for Descartes at the University of Poitiers, 1616

In Amsterdam, Descartes lived at Westermarkt 6 (Maison Descartes, left).

A Cartesian coordinates graph, using his invented x and y axes

Handwritten letter by Descartes, December 1638

Descartes' writings went on to form the basis for theories on emotions and how cognitive evaluations were translated into affective processes.