A report on Refractive index, Light and Color

$A ray of light being refracted in a plastic block$

A triangular prism dispersing a beam of white light. The longer wavelengths (red) and the shorter wavelengths (blue) are separated.

$Refraction of a light ray$

The electromagnetic spectrum, with the visible portion highlighted

Continuous optical spectrum rendered into the sRGB color space.

$Thomas Young coined the term index of refraction.$

The upper disk and the lower disk have exactly the same objective color, and are in identical gray surroundings; based on context differences, humans perceive the squares as having different reflectances, and may interpret the colors as different color categories; see checker shadow illusion.

$Diamonds have a very high refractive index of 2.417.$

Beam of sun light inside the cavity of Rocca ill'Abissu at Fondachelli-Fantina, Sicily

Normalized typical human cone cell responses (S, M, and L types) to monochromatic spectral stimuli

$A split-ring resonator array arranged to produce a negative index of refraction for microwaves$

$Due to refraction, the straw dipped in water appears bent and the ruler scale compressed when viewed from a shallow angle.$

The visual dorsal stream (green) and ventral stream (purple) are shown. The ventral stream is responsible for color perception.

$In optical mineralogy, thin sections are used to study rocks. The method is based on the distinct refractive indices of different minerals.$

Hong Kong illuminated by colourful artificial lighting.

This picture contains one million pixels, each one a different color

$Light of different colors has slightly different refractive indices in water and therefore shows up at different positions in the rainbow.$

The CIE 1931 color space xy chromaticity diagram with the visual locus plotted using the CIE (2006) physiologically-relevant LMS fundamental color matching functions transformed into the CIE 1931 xy color space and converted into Adobe RGB. The triangle shows the gamut of Adobe RGB. The Planckian locus is shown with color temperatures labeled in Kelvins. The outer curved boundary is the spectral (or monochromatic) locus, with wavelengths shown in nanometers. Note that the colors in this file are being specified using Adobe RGB. Areas outside the triangle cannot be accurately rendered since they are outside the gamut of Adobe RGB, therefore they have been interpreted. Note that the colors depicted depend on the gamut and color accuracy of your display.

$In a prism, dispersion causes different colors to refract at different angles, splitting white light into a rainbow of colors.$

Additive color mixing: combining red and green yields yellow; combining all three primary colors together yields white.

$The variation of refractive index with wavelength for various glasses. The shaded zone indicates the range of visible light.$

$Thomas Young's sketch of a double-slit experiment showing diffraction. Young's experiments supported the theory that light consists of waves.$

Subtractive color mixing: combining yellow and magenta yields red; combining all three primary colors together yields black

The colors of a soap bubble are determined by the optical path length through the thin soap film in a phenomenon called thin-film interference.

$Refraction of light at the interface between two media of different refractive indices, with n2 > n1. Since the phase velocity is lower in the second medium (v2 < v1), the angle of refraction θ2 is less than the angle of incidence θ1; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.$

Total internal reflection can be seen at the air-water boundary.

$The power of a magnifying glass is determined by the shape and refractive index of the lens.$

$The relation between the refractive index and the density of silicate and borosilicate glasses$

$A calcite crystal laid upon a paper with some letters showing double refraction$

Birefringent materials can give rise to colors when placed between crossed polarizers. This is the basis for photoelasticity.

$A gradient-index lens with a parabolic variation of refractive index (n) with radial distance (x). The lens focuses light in the same way as a conventional lens.$

$The principle of many refractometers$

$A handheld refractometer used to measure the sugar content of fruits$

A differential interference contrast microscopy image of yeast cells

In optics, the refractive index ( refraction index) of an optical medium is a dimensionless number that gives the indication of the light bending ability of that medium.

- Refractive index

It includes the perception of color by the human eye and brain, the origin of color in materials, color theory in art, and the physics of electromagnetic radiation in the visible range (that is, what is commonly referred to simply as light).

- Color

The wavelengths listed are as measured in air or vacuum (see refractive index).

- Color

where θ1 is the angle between the ray and the surface normal in the first medium, θ2 is the angle between the ray and the surface normal in the second medium and n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction, n = 1 in a vacuum and n > 1 in a transparent substance.

- Light

This is called dispersion and causes prisms and rainbows to divide white light into its constituent spectral colors.

- Refractive index

To explain the origin of colours, Robert Hooke (1635–1703) developed a "pulse theory" and compared the spreading of light to that of waves in water in his 1665 work Micrographia ("Observation IX").

- Light

$A ray of light being refracted in a plastic block$

A report on Refractive index, Light and Color

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