A report on Comanche and Llano Estacado

Flag of the Comanche Nation
LaDonna Harris, Comanche activist and founder of Americans for Indian Opportunity
War on the plains: Comanche (right) trying to lance an Osage warrior. Painting by George Catlin, 1834
The northern edge of the Llano Estacado in New Mexico
Comanches watching an American caravan in West Texas, 1850, by the US Army officer, Arthur Lee
Caprock Escarpment south of Ralls, Texas
Comanche warriors, c. 1867–1874
Agricultural land and canyons on the eastern side of the Llano Estacado
Quanah Parker, prominent chief of the Comanche Indians with a feather fan. Photo by James Mooney, 1892.
Wind turbines
Mac Silverhorn (Comanche), grandson of Silver Horn, drumming with friend at Redstone Baptist Church
Map of Texas counties with population density
Uwat (Comanche), photograph by Edward Curtis, 1930
Lubbock, Texas, the largest city on the Llano
Comanche mother and baby son in cradleboard, photo by Edward Curtis
A shot of downtown Amarillo, Texas
Comanche cradleboard held at the Birmingham Museum of Art
Midland, "The Tall City" of West Texas
A 19th-century Comanche child.
Downtown Odessa
Comanches of West Texas in war regalia, c. 1830.
Comanche Tipis painted by George Catlin.
Comanche warrior Ako and horse. Photo by James Mooney, 1892.
Three mounted Comanche warriors, left, Frank Moetah. Photo by James Mooney, 1892.
Comanche Feats of Horsemenship, George Catlin 1834.
Comanches chasing bison, painted by George Catlin. Bison were the primary food source for the Comanche.
Comanche headdress at the Ethnologisches Museum, Berlin.
Chosequah, a Comanche warrior wearing full traditional regalia. Painted by E.A Burbank, 1897.
Comanche beaded ration bag, c. 1880, collection of the Oklahoma History Center
Charles Chibitty, Comanche code talker in World War II
Mo'o-wai ("Pushing aside" or "Pushing-in-the-middle"), aka "Shaking Hand", chief of the Kotsoteka
Karita Coffey, Comanche professor, ceramic artist, and sculptor at the Institute of American Indian Arts, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 2014
Comancheria 1770-1850.

In the early 18th century, the Comanches expanded their territory into the Llano Estacado, displacing the Apaches who had previously lived there.

- Llano Estacado

The "Western Comanche" lived in the region of the upper Arkansas, Canadian, and Red Rivers, and the Llano Estacado.

- Comanche
Flag of the Comanche Nation

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Overall

Texas

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State in the South Central region of the United States.

State in the South Central region of the United States.

Early Native American tribal territories
Nicolas de La Fora's 1771 map of the northern frontier of New Spain clearly shows the Provincia de los Tejas.
Stephen F. Austin was the first American empresario given permission to operate a colony within Mexican Texas.
Mexico in 1824. Coahuila y Tejas is the northeasternmost state.
Surrender of Santa Anna. Painting by William Henry Huddle, 1886.
The Republic of Texas with present-day borders superimposed
Captain Charles A. May's squadron of the 2nd Dragoons slashes through the Mexican Army lines. Resaca de la Palma, Texas, May 1846
Spindletop, the first major oil gusher
Sam Rayburn Reservoir
Texas Hill Country
Steinhagen Reservoir
Palo Duro Canyon
Franklin Mountains State Park
Big Bend National Park
Köppen climate types in Texas
Colonia in the Rio Grande Valley near the Mexico–United States border
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A geomap depicting income by county as of 2014
Cotton modules after harvest in West Texas
An oil well
Brazos Wind Farm
Electronic Data Systems headquarters in Plano
Astronaut training at the Johnson Space Center in Houston
The Alamo is one of the most recognized symbols of Texas.
Big Tex presided over every Texas State Fair since 1952 until it was destroyed by a fire in 2012. Since then a new Big Tex was created.
The University of Texas at Austin
University of Houston
Texas A&M University
Rice University
The Texas Medical Center in Houston
The High Five Interchange in Dallas
"Welcome to Texas" sign
Terminal D at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Terminal E at George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston
Port of Houston along the Houston Ship Channel
The Texas State Capitol at night
Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, 36th president of the United States
George W. Bush of Texas, 43rd president of the United States
AT&T Stadium, home of the Dallas Cowboys
Playoff game between the San Antonio Spurs and the Los Angeles Lakers in 2007

Native American tribes who lived inside the boundaries of present-day Texas include the Alabama, Apache, Atakapan, Bidai, Caddo, Aranama, Comanche, Choctaw, Coushatta, Hasinai, Jumano, Karankawa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Tonkawa, and Wichita.

The Great Plains region in Central Texas spans through the state's panhandle and Llano Estacado to the state's hill country near Lago Vista and Austin.

The Great Plains near a farming community in central Kansas

Great Plains

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Broad expanse of flatland in North America.

Broad expanse of flatland in North America.

The Great Plains near a farming community in central Kansas
Farmland in Sioux and Lyon Counties, Iowa (2013)
Dust cloud moving across the Llano Estacado near Ransom Canyon, Texas
Herd of Plains Bison of various ages resting in Elk Island Park, Alberta
The Great Plains as seen in Minnesota's upland prairie at Glacial Lakes State Park
The High Plains of Kansas, in the Smoky Hills near Nicodemus
Short-grass prairie near the front range of the Rockies in Colorado
View of Lake Lawtonka and wind turbines from Mount Scott, Oklahoma
A tornado touching down in Park County, Colorado, July 23, 2018
American bison (Bison bison), Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma
Excavation of a fossil Daemonelix burrow at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument.
Scotts Bluff National Monument, Nebraska
Buffalo hunt under the wolf-skin mask, George Catlin, 1832–33.
This painting by Alfred Jacob Miller is a portrayal of Plains Indians chasing buffalo over a small cliff. The Walters Art Museum.
Great Plains in North Dakota c. undefined 2007, where communities began settling in the 1870s.
Fort William, the first Fort Laramie, as it looked prior to 1840. Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller
Grange in session, 1873
Withdrawal rates from the Ogallala Aquifer
Wind farm in the plains of West Texas
Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) National Black-footed Ferret Conservation Center, Colorado
Swift fox (Vulpes velox), Colorado
Lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) on a lek in the Red Hills of Kansas
Great Plains ratsnake (Pantherophis emoryi), Missouri
Great Plains toad (Anaxyrus cognatus)
Homesteaders in central Nebraska in 1886
The Great Plains before the native grasses were plowed under, Haskell County, Kansas, 1897, showing a man near a buffalo wallow
Cattle herd and cowboy, c. 1902
Wheat field on Dutch flats near Mitchell, Nebraska, 1910

High Plains – southeastern Wyoming, southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska (including the Sand Hills), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico, and northwestern Texas (including the Llano Estacado and Texas Panhandle);

Historically, the Great Plains were the range of the Blackfoot, Crow, Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche, and others.

Colorado River (Texas)

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Approximately 862 mi long river in the U.S. state of Texas.

Approximately 862 mi long river in the U.S. state of Texas.

Oblique air photo of the Colorado River where it crosses from Colorado County into Wharton County near Nada.
Pennybacker Bridge crossing the Lake Austin portion of the Colorado River
The Colorado River {{convert|5|mi|0|abbr=on}} from its source along the Caprock Escarpment, the border of Dawson and Borden County.
Colorado River under the Regency Suspension Bridge on the border of Mills and San Saba County
Scenic view of Colorado River meandering under a bridge overpass under State Highway 60 in Wharton
Scene on the Colorado River, Austin, Texas (postcard, {{circa|1907}})
A historical marker on US 90A between Eagle Lake and Altair explains the difficulty of navigating the lower Colorado River in the 1800s.
Old postcard of Bull Creek in Austin
Colorado River east of Columbus, Texas
Water reflections on sculpture falls

The Colorado River originates south of Lubbock, on the Llano Estacado near Lamesa.

The upper Colorado River was controlled by Comanches from the early 18th century to the late 19th century.

Three Kiowa men, 1898

Kiowa

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Indigenous people of the Great Plains of the United States.

Indigenous people of the Great Plains of the United States.

Three Kiowa men, 1898
J.T. Goombi, former Kiowa tribal chairman and first vice-president of the National Congress of American Indians
Ledger drawing of mounted Kiowa hunters hunting pronghorn antelope with bows and lance, c.1875–1877.
Kiowa hunting elk on horseback, c. 1875–1877
Elk and Buffalo Grazing among Prairie Flowers 1846–48, painted by George Catlin in Texas.
Four Kiowa tipis with designs, 1904. Top L to R, bison herd and pipe-smoking deer; porcupines; bottom, L to R: arms and legs with pipes and lizard; mythical water monsters.
Ledger drawing of Kiowas engaging in horse mounted warfare with traditional enemy forces, 1875.
Ledger drawings by Silver Horn featuring a collection of Kiowa shield designs, 1904.
Ledger drawing depicting a meeting between a Kiowa–Comanche war party and a Pawnee war party (right side).
Calendar of 37 months, 1889–92, kept on a skin by Anko, ca. 1895
1865 Treaty Map
Sitting Bear, Kiowa chief
Guipago, Kiowa chief
Satanta, Kiowa chief
Big Tree, a Kiowa chief and warrior
The Southern Plains territory of the Kiowa Nation at the time of European contact (see text for migrations).
Red sandstone cliffs in the Black Hills Wyoming, former Kiowa territory which remains a sacred area to them in modern times.
Southern plains of the Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle.
Cut-Throat Massacre, 1833. A picture from the Dohasan winter count.
Ma-may-dayte
Donna Standing Steinberg, Kiowa–Wichita, and Josephine Parker, Kiowa, with their beadwork
<center>Kiowa ledger art, ca. 1874</center>
Lone Wolf, Kiowa chief, ca. 1907
Micah Wesley, 2008, enrolled Kiowa artist and DJ
<center>Kiowa parfleche, ca. 1890, Oklahoma History Center</center>
<center>Kiowa beaded moccasins, ca. 1920, OHS</center>
<center>Detail of painting by Silver Horn (Kiowa), ca. 1880</center>

Sálqáhyóp or Sálqáhyói (″Southerners″, lit. ′Hot People′, 'southern Kiowa', lived in the Llano Estacado (Staked Plains), Oklahoma Panhandle and Texas Panhandle, allies of the Comanche).

In the early spring of 1790 at the place that would become Las Vegas, New Mexico, a Kiowa party led by war leader Guikate, made an offer of peace to a Comanche party while both were visiting the home of a mutual friend of both tribes.

Palo Duro Canyon

Battle of Palo Duro Canyon

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Military confrontation and a significant United States victory during the Red River War.

Military confrontation and a significant United States victory during the Red River War.

Palo Duro Canyon
Tule Canyon as seen from Highway 207 north of Silverton, Texas

Late in the summer of 1874, Quahada Comanche, Southern Cheyenne, Arapaho and Kiowa warriors led by Lone Wolf left their assigned reservations and sought refuge in Palo Duro Canyon in the Texas Panhandle.

The first column moved north along the edge of the Staked Plains, the second advanced up the Red River and the third marched from Fort Sill.

Comancheria prior to 1850.

Comancheria

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Comancheria prior to 1850.
Comancheria from 1770 to 1850.

The Comancheria or Comanchería (Comanche: Nʉmʉnʉʉ Sookobitʉ, 'Comanche land') was a region of New Mexico, west Texas and nearby areas occupied by the Comanche before the 1860s.

It also included West Texas, the Llano Estacado, the Texas Panhandle, the Edwards Plateau (including the Texas Hill Country), Eastern New Mexico, western Oklahoma including the Oklahoma Panhandle and the Wichita Mountains, southeastern Colorado and southwestern Kansas.

Quanah Parker, c. 1890

Quanah Parker

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Quanah Parker (Comanche kwana, "smell, odor") (c.

Quanah Parker (Comanche kwana, "smell, odor") (c.

Quanah Parker, c. 1890
Cynthia Ann Parker and her daughter, Topʉsana (Prairie Flower), in 1861
Quanah Parker on horseback wearing eagle feather headdress and holding a lance bottom-up.
Parker in December 1889 wearing European-American business attire
Quanah Parker photograph at Pioneer West Museum in Shamrock, Texas
Quanah Parker gravesite
The Quanah Parker Inn is located on U.S. Highway 287 at the west end of Quanah, Texas

1845 – February 20, 1911) was a war leader of the Kwahadi ("Antelope") band of the Comanche Nation.

Quanah Parker's was the last tribe of the Staked Plains or Llano Estacado to come to the reservation.

Edwards Plateau

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Geographic region at the crossroads of Central, South, and West Texas.

Geographic region at the crossroads of Central, South, and West Texas.

Edwards Plateau terrain as seen from U.S. Route 277 between Del Rio and Sonora
Enchanted Rock near Fredericksburg by Hermann Lungkwitz, 1864, oil on canvas
San Saba River near Sloan, San Saba County (9 May 2014)
Wildflowers on ranchland, State Highway 965, Llano County (13 April 2012)
Llano River from County Road 320, Kimble County (17 April 2015)
Texas cooter (Pseudemys texana) and red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta), Colorado River, Travis County (12 April 2012)
The Guadalupe River in Kerr County (8 May 2014)
Ranchland with Texas bluebonnets (Lupinus texensis) in western Kerr County (17 April 2015)
Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) growing on the Guadalupe River, Kerr County (14 April 2012)
Ranchland in the Edwards Plateau, Mason County (17 April 2015)
Crevice spiny lizard (Sceloporus poinsettii), Mason County, Texas, USA (9 May 2014)
Highway 187 in the Edwards Plateau, Bandera County, Texas, USA (14 April 2012)
Limestone bluff, typical of the Edwards Plateau, Highway 336, Real County (14 Apr 2012)
Ranchland seen from Highway 336, Real County (14 April 2012)
Scarlet penstemon (Penstemon triflorus), endemic to the Edwards Plateau, Edwards County (18 April 2015)
Ranch road in southern Edwards County (18 April 2015).
Cedar Creek, Edwards County (18 April 2015)

It is bounded by the Balcones Fault to the south and east, the Llano Uplift and the Llano Estacado to the north, and the Pecos River and Chihuahuan Desert to the west.

After the expulsion of the Apachean groups from the Plains by the Comanche, this area was dominated by the Penateka band of the Southern Comanche.