A report on Composite material

A black carbon fibre (used as a reinforcement component) compared to a human hair
Composites are formed by combining materials together to form an overall structure with properties that differ from that of the individual components
Concrete is a mixture of adhesive and aggregate, giving a robust, strong material that is very widely used.
Plywood is used widely in construction
Composite sandwich structure panel used for testing at NASA
Carbon fibre composite part.
Plot of the overall strength of a composite material as a function of fiber volume fraction limited by the upper bound (isostrain) and lower bound (isostress) conditions.
Figure a) shows the isostress condition where the composite materials are perpendicular to the applied force and b) is the isostrain condition that has the layers parallel to the force.
The graph depicts the three fracture modes a composite material may experience depending on the angle of misorientation relative to aligning fibres parallel to the applied stress.

Material which is produced from two or more constituent materials.

- Composite material
A black carbon fibre (used as a reinforcement component) compared to a human hair

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Tail of a radio-controlled helicopter, made of CFRP

Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers

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Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (American English), carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (Commonwealth English), carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, carbon-fiber reinforced-thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP), also known as carbon fiber, carbon composite, or just carbon, are extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced plastics that contain carbon fibers.

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (American English), carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (Commonwealth English), carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, carbon-fiber reinforced-thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP), also known as carbon fiber, carbon composite, or just carbon, are extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced plastics that contain carbon fibers.

Tail of a radio-controlled helicopter, made of CFRP
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer
An Airbus A350 with carbon fiber themed livery. Composite materials are used extensively throughout the A350.
A carbon-fiber and Kevlar canoe (Placid Boatworks Rapidfire at the Adirondack Canoe Classic)
Dunlop "Max-Grip" carbon fiber guitar picks. Sizes 1mm and Jazz III.

CFRP are composite materials.

Diagram of secondary growth in a tree showing idealized vertical and horizontal sections. A new layer of wood is added in each growing season, thickening the stem, existing branches and roots, to form a growth ring.

Wood

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Porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants.

Porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants.

Diagram of secondary growth in a tree showing idealized vertical and horizontal sections. A new layer of wood is added in each growing season, thickening the stem, existing branches and roots, to form a growth ring.
A knot on a tree trunk
Wood knot in vertical section
A section of a Yew branch showing 27 annual growth rings, pale sapwood, dark heartwood, and pith (center dark spot). The dark radial lines are small knots.
Cross-section of an Oak Log Showing Growth Rings
The wood of coast redwood is distinctively red.
Magnified cross-section of black walnut, showing the vessels, rays (white lines) and annual rings: this is intermediate between diffuse-porous and ring-porous, with vessel size declining gradually
Earlywood and latewood in a softwood; radial view, growth rings closely spaced in Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir
Earlywood and latewood in a ring-porous wood (ash) in a Fraxinus excelsior; tangential view, wide growth rings
Trunks of the coconut palm, a monocot, in Java. From this perspective these look not much different from trunks of a dicot or conifer
Chemical structure of lignin, which makes up about 25% of wood dry matter and is responsible for many of its properties.
Forchem tall oil refinery in Rauma, Finland.
The Saitta House, Dyker Heights, Brooklyn, New York built in 1899 is made of and decorated in wood.
The churches of Kizhi, Russia are among a handful of World Heritage Sites built entirely of wood, without metal joints. See Kizhi Pogost for more details.
Wood can be cut into straight planks and made into a wood flooring.
Prayer Bead with the Adoration of the Magi and the Crucifixion, Gothic boxwood miniature

It is an organic material – a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression.

Fairchild F-46

Fibre-reinforced plastic

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Fairchild F-46
Glass-aramid-hybrid fabric (for high tension and compression)

Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP; also called fibre-reinforced polymer, or in American English fiber) is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibres.

Exterior of the Roman Pantheon, finished 128 AD, the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world.

Concrete

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Exterior of the Roman Pantheon, finished 128 AD, the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world.
Interior of the Pantheon dome, seen from beneath. The concrete for the coffered dome was laid on moulds, mounted on temporary scaffolding.
Opus caementicium exposed in a characteristic Roman arch. In contrast to modern concrete structures, the concrete used in Roman buildings was usually covered with brick or stone.
Smeaton's Tower
Several tons of bagged cement, about two minutes of output from a 10,000 ton per day cement kiln
Crushed stone aggregate
Concrete plant showing a concrete mixer being filled from ingredient silos
Concrete mixing plant in Birmingham, Alabama in 1936
Concrete floor of a parking garage being placed
Pouring and smoothing out concrete at Palisades Park in Washington, DC
A concrete slab being kept hydrated during water curing by submersion (ponding)
Decorative plate made of Nano concrete with High-Energy Mixing (HEM)
Compression testing of a concrete cylinder
Boston City Hall (1968) is a Brutalist design constructed largely of precast and poured in place concrete.
The City Court Building in Buffalo, New York
Aerial photo of reconstruction at Taum Sauk (Missouri) pumped storage facility in late November 2009. After the original reservoir failed, the new reservoir was made of roller-compacted concrete.
Black basalt polished concrete floor
Stylized cacti decorate a sound/retaining wall in Scottsdale, Arizona
Pohjolatalo, an office building made of concrete in the city center of Kouvola in Kymenlaakso, Finland
Assembled tremie placing concrete underwater
Recycled crushed concrete, to be reused as granular fill, is loaded into a semi-dump truck
The Tunkhannock Viaduct in northeastern Pennsylvania opened in 1915 and is still in regular use today
Circularity of Concrete: Cradle-to-Cradle design
A vast concrete structure - The Hoover Dam
Concrete being poured into rebar
Cross section of a concrete railway sleeper below a rail

Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time.

A heavy, reinforced concrete column, seen before and after the concrete has been cast in place around its rebar frame

Reinforced concrete

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A heavy, reinforced concrete column, seen before and after the concrete has been cast in place around its rebar frame
The novel shape of the Philips Pavilion built in Brussels for Expo 58 was achieved using reinforced concrete
Rebars of Sagrada Família's roof in construction (2009)
Two intersecting beams integral to parking garage slab that will contain both reinforcing steel and the wiring, junction boxes and other electrical components necessary to install the overhead lighting for the garage level beneath it.
Concrete wall cracking as steel reinforcing corrodes and swells. Rust has a lower density than metal, so it expands as it forms, cracking the decorative cladding off the wall as well as damaging the structural concrete. The breakage of material from a surface is called spalling.
Detailed view of spalling probably caused by a too thin layer of concrete between the steel and the surface, accompanied by corrosion from external exposure.
Rebar for foundations and walls of a sewage pump station.
The Paulins Kill Viaduct, Hainesburg, New Jersey, is 115 feet (35 m) tall and 1,100 feet (335 m) long, and was heralded as the largest reinforced concrete structure in the world when it was completed in 1910 as part of the Lackawanna Cut-Off rail line project. The Lackawanna Railroad was a pioneer in the use of reinforced concrete.

Reinforced concrete (RC), also called reinforced cement concrete (RCC) and ferroconcrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility.

Very large self-supporting wooden roof. Built for Expo 2000, Hanover, Germany

Engineered wood

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Very large self-supporting wooden roof. Built for Expo 2000, Hanover, Germany
75-unit apartment building, made largely of wood, in Mission, British Columbia
Wood-plastic composite, one kind of engineered wood
Engineered wood products in a Home Depot store

Engineered wood, also called mass timber, composite wood, man-made wood, or manufactured board, includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibres, or veneers or boards of wood, together with adhesives, or other methods of fixation to form composite material.

Softwood plywood made from spruce

Plywood

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Material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another.

Material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another.

Softwood plywood made from spruce
The principle of making veneers.
Average-quality plywood with 'show veneer'
High-quality concrete pouring plate in plywood
Extremely high-quality 29-ply Birch plywood
De Havilland DH-98 Mosquito was made of curved and glued veneers
Logs for plywood construction in a plywood factory
A plywood mill in Joensuu, Finland
Detrola Model 579 (1946) radio, made of plywood

All plywoods bind resin and wood fibre sheets (cellulose cells are long, strong and thin) to form a composite material.

A syringe of "5-minute" epoxy glue, containing separate compartments for the epoxy resin and the hardener

Epoxy

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Family of basic components or cured end products of epoxy resins.

Family of basic components or cured end products of epoxy resins.

A syringe of "5-minute" epoxy glue, containing separate compartments for the epoxy resin and the hardener
Structure of the epoxide group, a reactive functional group present in all epoxy resins
Coupling reaction of a hydroxy group with epichlorohydrin, followed by dehydrohalogenation
Synthesis of an epoxide by use of a peracid
Synthesis of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
Synthesis of bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether with a high molar mass
Structure of bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether epoxy resin: n denotes the number of polymerized subunits and is typically in the range from 0 to 25
General structure of epoxyphenol novolak with n usually in the range from 0 to 4. The compound is present in the form of various constitutional isomers.
Structural formula of 3,4-Epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3’,4’-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate
Structure of a cured epoxy glue. The triamine hardener is shown in red, the resin in black. The resin's epoxide groups have reacted with the hardener and are not present anymore. The material is highly crosslinked and contains many OH groups, which confer adhesive properties
Structure of TETA, a typical hardener. The amine (NH2) groups react with the epoxide groups of the resin during polymerisation.
Special epoxy is strong enough to withstand the forces between a surfboard fin and the fin mount. This epoxy is waterproof and capable of curing underwater. The blue-coloured epoxy on the left is still undergoing curing
An epoxy encapsulated hybrid circuit on a printed circuit board.
The interior of a pocket calculator. The dark lump of epoxy in the center covers the processor chip

The applications include coatings, adhesives and composite materials such as those using carbon fiber and fiberglass reinforcements (although polyester, vinyl ester, and other thermosetting resins are also used for glass-reinforced plastic).

Bamboo

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Bamboos are a diverse group of evergreen perennial flowering plants making up the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae.

Bamboos are a diverse group of evergreen perennial flowering plants making up the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae.

Worldwide distribution of bamboos (Bambusoideae)
Bamboo transported by river
Closeup of bamboo stalk
Bamboo canopy
Flowering bamboo
Phyllostachys glauca 'Yunzhu' in flower
Bunches of bamboo seeds
Bamboo is the main food of the giant panda, making up 99% of its diet.
Unprocessed bamboo shoots in a Japanese market
Korean bamboo tea
Khao lam (ข้าวหลาม) is glutinous rice with sugar and coconut cream cooked in specially prepared bamboo sections of different diameters and lengths
In East Timor, cooking food in bamboo is called tukir.
Bamboo-style barred window in Lin An Tai Historical House, Taipei
Bamboo has long been used as an assembly material in Hong Kong because of its versatility
A modern resort guesthouse in Palawan, Philippines, with traditional woven bamboo walls (sawali)
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Bamboo trays used in mussel farming (Abucay, Bataan, Philippines)
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Bamboo, by Xu Wei, Ming Dynasty.
A cylindrical bamboo brush holder or holder of poems on scrolls, created by Zhang Xihuang in the 17th century, late Ming or early Qing Dynasty – in the calligraphy of Zhang's style, the poem Returning to My Farm in the Field by the fourth-century poet Tao Yuanming is incised on the holder.
Photo of carved Chinese bamboo wall vase. 1918. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection.
Bamboo forest in Arashiyama
Serra dos Órgãos National Park, Brazil
Bamboo forest in KwaZulu-Natal
Bamboo forest in Isère, France
Bamboo forest at the Rutgers Gardens, North Brunswick, New Jersey
Bamboo forest in France
Bamboo forest in Taiwan
Bamboo bush at Orange Isle
Woman gathering bamboo shoots, woodblock print by Suzuki Harunobu, 1765
Kadomatsu made of bamboo for Japanese New Year

Bamboo, like wood, is a natural composite material with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.

Pieces of reinforced carbon–carbon including a panel removed from the wing of Space Shuttle Atlantis, showing brittle failure of C/C due to foam impact reproducing a possible event during Columbia's final launch.

Reinforced carbon–carbon

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Carbon fibre reinforced carbon (CFRC ),

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon (CFRC ),

Pieces of reinforced carbon–carbon including a panel removed from the wing of Space Shuttle Atlantis, showing brittle failure of C/C due to foam impact reproducing a possible event during Columbia's final launch.
The brake disc of this Ferrari race car's braking system is made from carbon fibre-reinforced silicon carbide which is a CMC rather than a C/C
The Dunlop carbon brakes as used on the Concorde airliner.

is a composite material consisting of carbon fiber reinforcement in a matrix of graphite.