A report on Constitution of India, Democracy and Constitution

A person casts their vote in the second round of the 2007 French presidential election.

Constitution of the Year XII (First French Republic)

B. R. Ambedkar and Constitution of India on a 2015 postage stamp of India

Democracy's de facto status in the world as of 2020, according to Democracy Index by The Economist

Constitution of the Kingdom of Naples in 1848.

Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949

Democracy's de jure status in the world as of 2020; only Saudi Arabia, Oman, the UAE, Qatar, Brunei, Afghanistan, and the Vatican do not claim to be a democracy.

Detail from Hammurabi's stele shows him receiving the laws of Babylon from the seated sun deity.

Nineteenth-century painting by Philipp Foltz depicting the Athenian politician Pericles delivering his famous funeral oration in front of the Assembly.

Diagram illustrating the classification of constitutions by Aristotle.

Jawaharlal Nehru signing the constitution

Third volume of the compilation of Catalan Constitutions of 1585

John Locke expanded on Thomas Hobbes's social contract theory and developed the concept of natural rights, the right to private property and the principle of consent of the governed. His ideas form the ideological basis of liberal democracies today.

The Cossack Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, 1710.

Statue of Athena, the patron goddess of Athens, in front of the Austrian Parliament Building. Athena has been used as an international symbol of freedom and democracy since at least the late eighteenth century.

A painting depicting George Washington at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution

The establishment of universal male suffrage in France in 1848 was an important milestone in the history of democracy.

Constitution of May 3, 1791 (painting by Jan Matejko, 1891). Polish King Stanisław August (left, in regal ermine-trimmed cloak), enters St. John's Cathedral, where Sejm deputies will swear to uphold the new Constitution; in background, Warsaw's Royal Castle, where the Constitution has just been adopted.

The number of nations 1800–2003 scoring 8 or higher on Polity IV scale, another widely used measure of democracy

Presidential copy of the Russian Constitution.

Corazon Aquino taking the Oath of Office, becoming the first female president in Asia

Meeting of the Grand Committee of the Parliament of Finland in 2008.

Countries autocratizing (red) or democratizing (blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020). Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.

designated "electoral democracies" in Freedom House's Freedom in the World 2021 survey, covering the year 2020.

A Landsgemeinde (in 2009) of the canton of Glarus, an example of direct democracy in Switzerland

In Switzerland, without needing to register, every citizen receives ballot papers and information brochures for each vote (and can send it back by post). Switzerland has a direct democracy system and votes (and elections) are organised about four times a year; here, to Berne's citizen in November 2008 about 5 national, 2 cantonal, 4 municipal referendums, and 2 elections (government and parliament of the City of Berne) to take care of at the same time.

Queen Elizabeth II, a constitutional monarch

Banner in Hong Kong asking for democracy, August 2019

The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any country in the world, with 146,385 words in its English-language version, while the Constitution of Monaco is the shortest written constitution with 3,814 words.

- Constitution

In the common variant of liberal democracy, the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy, but the constitution limits the majority and protects the minority—usually through the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights, e.g. freedom of speech or freedom of association.

- Democracy

The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic, assures its citizens justice, equality, and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity.

- Constitution of India

In India, parliamentary sovereignty is subject to the Constitution of India which includes judicial review.

- Democracy

It has features of a federation, including a codified, supreme constitution; a three-tier governmental structure (central, state and local); division of powers; bicameralism; and an independent judiciary.

- Constitution of India

The model proposed that constitutional governments should be stable, adaptable, accountable, open and should represent the people (i.e., support democracy).

- Constitution

1 related topic with Alpha

Supermajority

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Requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of more than one-half used for a simple majority.

Supermajority rules in a democracy can help to prevent a majority from eroding fundamental rights of a minority, but they can also hamper efforts to respond to problems and encourage corrupt compromises in the times action is taken.

Changes to constitutions, especially those with entrenched clauses, commonly require supermajority support in a legislature.

Article 368 of the Indian Constitution requires a supermajority of two-thirds of members present and voting in each house of the Indian Parliament, subject to at least by a majority of the total membership of each House of Parliament, to amend the constitution.