A report on Constitutional amendment, Supermajority and Constitution

Constitution of the Year XII (First French Republic)

Constitution of the Kingdom of Naples in 1848.

Detail from Hammurabi's stele shows him receiving the laws of Babylon from the seated sun deity.

Diagram illustrating the classification of constitutions by Aristotle.

Third volume of the compilation of Catalan Constitutions of 1585

The Cossack Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, 1710.

A painting depicting George Washington at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution

Constitution of May 3, 1791 (painting by Jan Matejko, 1891). Polish King Stanisław August (left, in regal ermine-trimmed cloak), enters St. John's Cathedral, where Sejm deputies will swear to uphold the new Constitution; in background, Warsaw's Royal Castle, where the Constitution has just been adopted.

Presidential copy of the Russian Constitution.

A constitutional amendment is a modification of the constitution of a polity, organization or other type of entity.

- Constitutional amendment

Changes to constitutions, especially those with entrenched clauses, commonly require supermajority support in a legislature.

- Supermajority

Examples of such special procedures include supermajorities in the legislature, or direct approval by the electorate in a referendum, or even a combination of two or more different special procedures.

- Constitutional amendment

In Turkey, constitutional amendments need a three fifths majority (360 votes) to be put forward to a referendum and a two-thirds majority (400 votes) to be ratified directly.

- Supermajority

In addition, exceptional procedures are often required to amend a constitution.

- Constitution

These procedures may include: convocation of a special constituent assembly or constitutional convention, requiring a supermajority of legislators' votes, approval in two terms of parliament, the consent of regional legislatures, a referendum process, and/or other procedures that make amending a constitution more difficult than passing a simple law.

- Constitution

2 related topics with Alpha

Page one of the officially engrossed copy of the Constitution signed by delegates. A print run of 500 copies of the final version preceded this copy.

Constitution of the United States

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Supreme law of the United States of America.

Signing of the Constitution, September 17, 1787 (1940 by Howard Chandler Christy)

Dates the 13 states ratified the Constitution

Closing endorsement section of the United States Constitution

United States Bill of Rights
Currently housed in the National Archives.

Salmon P. Chase {{refn|group= lower-alpha|The Chase Court, 1864–1873, in 1865 were Salmon P. Chase (chief Justice); Hon. Nathan Clifford, Maine; Stephen J. Field, Justice Supreme Court, U.S.; Hon. Samuel F. Miller, U.S. Supreme Court; Hon. Noah H. Swayne, Justice Supreme Court, U.S.; Judge Morrison R. Waite}}

William Howard Taft {{refn|group= lower-alpha|The Taft Court, 1921–1930, in 1925 were James Clark McReynolds, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., William Howard Taft (chief justice), Willis Van Devanter, Louis Brandeis. Edward Sanford, George Sutherland, Pierce Butler, Harlan Fiske Stone}}

Earl Warren {{refn|group= lower-alpha|The Warren Court, 1953–1969, in 1963 were Felix Frankfurter; Hugo Black; Earl Warren (chief justice); Stanley Reed; William O. Douglas. Tom Clark; Robert H. Jackson; Harold Burton; Sherman Minton}}

William Rehnquist {{refn|group= lower-alpha|The Rehnquist Court, 1986–2005.}}

It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution.

First, there are two procedures for adopting the language of a proposed amendment, either by (a) Congress, by two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, or (b) national convention (which shall take place whenever two-thirds of the state legislatures collectively call for one).

The precedent for this practice was set in 1789, when Congress considered and proposed the first several Constitutional amendments.

Constitution of India

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Supreme law of India.

B. R. Ambedkar and Constitution of India on a 2015 postage stamp of India

Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949

Jawaharlal Nehru signing the constitution

It has features of a federation, including a codified, supreme constitution; a three-tier governmental structure (central, state and local); division of powers; bicameralism; and an independent judiciary.

Article 368 dictates the procedure for constitutional amendments.

Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass, the Indian constitution is the world's most frequently-amended national governing document.