A report on Democracy, Constitution and United Kingdom

A person casts their vote in the second round of the 2007 French presidential election.
Constitution of the Year XII (First French Republic)
Democracy's de facto status in the world as of 2020, according to Democracy Index by The Economist
Constitution of the Kingdom of Naples in 1848.
Democracy's de jure status in the world as of 2020; only Saudi Arabia, Oman, the UAE, Qatar, Brunei, Afghanistan, and the Vatican do not claim to be a democracy.
Detail from Hammurabi's stele shows him receiving the laws of Babylon from the seated sun deity.
Stonehenge in Wiltshire is a ring of stones, each about 13 ft high, 7 ft wide and 25 tonnes, erected 2400–2200 BC.
Nineteenth-century painting by Philipp Foltz depicting the Athenian politician Pericles delivering his famous funeral oration in front of the Assembly.
Diagram illustrating the classification of constitutions by Aristotle.
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
Magna Carta, 1215, England
Third volume of the compilation of Catalan Constitutions of 1585
The Treaty of Union led to a united kingdom of all of Great Britain.
John Locke expanded on Thomas Hobbes's social contract theory and developed the concept of natural rights, the right to private property and the principle of consent of the governed. His ideas form the ideological basis of liberal democracies today.
The Cossack Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, 1710.
At the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, a British-led coalition under the Duke of Wellington, supported by von Blücher's Prussian army, defeated the French, ending the Napoleonic Wars.
Statue of Athena, the patron goddess of Athens, in front of the Austrian Parliament Building. Athena has been used as an international symbol of freedom and democracy since at least the late eighteenth century.
A painting depicting George Washington at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution
Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme. More than 885,000 British soldiers died on the battlefields of the First World War.
The establishment of universal male suffrage in France in 1848 was an important milestone in the history of democracy.
Constitution of May 3, 1791 (painting by Jan Matejko, 1891). Polish King Stanisław August (left, in regal ermine-trimmed cloak), enters St. John's Cathedral, where Sejm deputies will swear to uphold the new Constitution; in background, Warsaw's Royal Castle, where the Constitution has just been adopted.
Territories once part of the British Empire, with the United Kingdom and its current Overseas Dependencies and Crown Dependencies underlined in red
The number of nations 1800–2003 scoring 8 or higher on Polity IV scale, another widely used measure of democracy
Presidential copy of the Russian Constitution.
Leaders of EU states in 2007. The UK entered the EEC in 1973. In a 1975 referendum 67% voted to stay in it; in 2016 52% voted to leave the EU.
Corazon Aquino taking the Oath of Office, becoming the first female president in Asia
Magna Carta
The United Kingdom showing hilly regions to north and west
Age of democracies at the end of 2015
United States Constitution
Köppen climate types of the UK
Meeting of the Grand Committee of the Parliament of Finland in 2008.
The Palace of Westminster, seat of both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Countries autocratizing (red) or democratizing (blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020). Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.
Organisational chart of the UK political system
designated "electoral democracies" in Freedom House's Freedom in the World 2021 survey, covering the year 2020.
The Scottish Parliament Building in Holyrood is the seat of the Scottish Parliament.
The British-Irish Council comprises the UK Government, the Irish Government and the governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
A Landsgemeinde (in 2009) of the canton of Glarus, an example of direct democracy in Switzerland
The Royal Courts of Justice of England and Wales
In Switzerland, without needing to register, every citizen receives ballot papers and information brochures for each vote (and can send it back by post). Switzerland has a direct democracy system and votes (and elections) are organised about four times a year; here, to Berne's citizen in November 2008 about 5 national, 2 cantonal, 4 municipal referendums, and 2 elections (government and parliament of the City of Berne) to take care of at the same time.
The High Court of Justiciary, the supreme criminal court of Scotland
Queen Elizabeth II, a constitutional monarch
and, a pair of Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy
Banner in Hong Kong asking for democracy, August 2019
British soldier firing during an exercise.
The Bank of England, the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based
The Mini Electric is manufactured in the UK.
Engines and wings for the Airbus A380 are manufactured in the UK.
A Watt steam engine, which was fundamental in driving the Industrial Revolution
London St Pancras International is one of London's main domestic and international transport hubs, providing commuter and high-speed rail services across the UK and to Paris, Lille and Brussels.
Energy mix of the United Kingdom over time
Wind turbines overlooking Ardrossan, Scotland. The UK is one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy, and wind power production is its fastest-growing supply.
Map of population density in the UK as at the 2011 census
Percentage of the population not white according to the 2011 census
Westminster Abbey
Estimated foreign-born population by country of birth from April 2007 to March 2008
Estimated number of British citizens living overseas by country in 2006
Christ Church, Oxford, is part of the University of Oxford, which traces its foundations back to c. 1096.
King's College (right) and Clare College (left), both part of the University of Cambridge, which was founded in 1209
The Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, an NHS Scotland specialist children's hospital
The Chandos portrait, believed to depict William Shakespeare
A photograph of Victorian-era novelist Charles Dickens
Elgar aged about 60
The Beatles are the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed band in popular music, selling over a billion records.
J. M. W. Turner self-portrait, oil on canvas, c. 1799
Alfred Hitchcock has been ranked as one of the greatest and most influential British filmmakers of all time.
The Art Deco facade of Broadcasting House in London, headquarters of the BBC, the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world
Wembley Stadium, London, home of the England national football team, is the fifth most expensive stadium ever built.
The Millennium Stadium of Cardiff opened for the 1999 Rugby World Cup.
Wimbledon, the oldest Grand Slam tennis tournament, is held in Wimbledon, London every June and July.
St Andrews, Scotland, the home of golf. The standard 18 hole golf course was created at St Andrews in 1764.
The Statue of Britannia in Plymouth. Britannia is a national personification of the UK.
Test launch of a Trident II nuclear missile by a Vanguard-class submarine

In the common variant of liberal democracy, the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy, but the constitution limits the majority and protects the minority—usually through the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights, e.g. freedom of speech or freedom of association.

- Democracy

In some countries, notably in the United Kingdom which originated the Westminster system, the dominant principle is that of parliamentary sovereignty, while maintaining judicial independence.

- Democracy

The model proposed that constitutional governments should be stable, adaptable, accountable, open and should represent the people (i.e., support democracy).

- Constitution

The UK is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.

- United Kingdom

only two sovereign states, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, have wholly uncodified constitutions.

- Constitution

The UK does not have a codified constitution and constitutional matters are not among the powers devolved to Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland.

- United Kingdom
A person casts their vote in the second round of the 2007 French presidential election.

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