A report on Constitution, Law and State (polity)

Constitution of the Year XII (First French Republic)
Iustitia ("Lady Justice") is a symbolic personification of the coercive power of a tribunal: a sword representing state authority, scales representing an objective standard and a blindfold indicating that justice should be impartial.
The frontispiece of Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan
Constitution of the Kingdom of Naples in 1848.
Classic symbol of law in heraldry.
Painting of Roman Senators encircling Julius Caesar
Detail from Hammurabi's stele shows him receiving the laws of Babylon from the seated sun deity.
"The Law" sculpture at interior of the Presidential Palace in Helsinki, Finland.
IWW poster "Pyramid of Capitalist System" (c. 1911), depicting an anti-capitalist perspective on statist/capitalist social structures
Diagram illustrating the classification of constitutions by Aristotle.
Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the 20th century.
Third volume of the compilation of Catalan Constitutions of 1585
King Hammurabi is revealed the code of laws by the Mesopotamian sun god Shamash, also revered as the god of justice.
The Cossack Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, 1710.
The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words.
A painting depicting George Washington at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution
Colour-coded map of the legal systems around the world, showing civil, common law, religious, customary and mixed legal systems. Common law systems are shaded pink, and civil law systems are shaded blue/turquoise.
Constitution of May 3, 1791 (painting by Jan Matejko, 1891). Polish King Stanisław August (left, in regal ermine-trimmed cloak), enters St. John's Cathedral, where Sejm deputies will swear to uphold the new Constitution; in background, Warsaw's Royal Castle, where the Constitution has just been adopted.
Emperor Justinian (527–565) of the Byzantine Empire who ordered the codification of Corpus Juris Civilis.
Presidential copy of the Russian Constitution.
First page of the 1804 edition of the Napoleonic Code.
Magna Carta
King John of England signs Magna Carta.
United States Constitution
A trial in the Ottoman Empire, 1879, when religious law applied under the Mecelle.
The Chamber of the House of Representatives, the lower house in the National Diet of Japan.
The G20 meetings are composed of representatives of each country's executive branch.
Officers of the South African Police Service in Johannesburg, 2010.
The mandarins were powerful bureaucrats in imperial China (photograph shows a Qing dynasty official with mandarin square visible).
In civil law systems such as those of Italy, France, Germany, Spain and Greece, there is a distinct category of notary, a legally trained public official, compensated by the parties to a transaction. This is a 16th-century painting of such a notary by Flemish painter Quentin Massys.
A march in Washington, D.C., during the civil rights movement in 1963.
Providing a constitution for public international law, the United Nations system was agreed during World War II.
The Italian lawyer Sir Alberico Gentili, the Father of international law.
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
A depiction of a 17th-century criminal trial, for witchcraft in Salem.
The famous Carbolic Smoke Ball advertisement to cure influenza was held to be a unilateral contract.
The "McLibel case" was the longest-running case in UK history. It involved publishing a pamphlet that criticised McDonald's restaurants.
A painting of the South Sea Bubble, one of the world's first ever speculations and crashes, led to strict regulation on share trading.
The Court of Chancery, London, England, early 19th century.
A trade union protest by UNISON while on strike.
The New York Stock Exchange trading floor after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, before tougher banking regulation was introduced.
Richard Posner, one of the Chicago School, until 2014 ran a blog with Bank of Sweden Prize winning economist Gary Becker.
Max Weber in 1917, Weber began his career as a lawyer, and is regarded as one of the founders of sociology and sociology of law.

A constitution is an aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.

- Constitution

The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein.

- Law

Within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom.

- Constitution

A federated state is a territorial and constitutional community forming part of a federation.

- State (polity)

It was the world's first literate civilization, and formed the first sets of written laws.

- State (polity)

Their principle was that no person should be able to usurp all powers of the state, in contrast to the absolutist theory of Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan.

- Law
Constitution of the Year XII (First French Republic)

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