A report on Electrical telegraph and Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph

Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle telegraph from 1837

Cooke and Wheatstone's two-needle telegraph as used on the Great Western Railway

Hughes telegraph, an early (1855) teleprinter built by Siemens and Halske

Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle, six-wire telegraph

Cooke and Wheatstone 5-wire telegraph cable in a wooden spacer

Revolving alphanumeric dial created by Francis Ronalds as part of his electric telegraph (1816)

Pavel Schilling, an early pioneer of electrical telegraphy

Five-needle telegraph receiving the letter G.

Diagram of alphabet used in a 5-needle Cooke and Wheatstone Telegraph, indicating the letter G

Circuit diagram of the five-needle telegraph transmitting the character A

Original codes for the one-, two-, and five-needle telegraphs. A stroke leaning to the left indicates a needle rotated anti-clockwise, that is, with the top pointing to the left. A stroke leaning to the right indicates a needle pointing to the right. For multiple stroke codes, the first movement is in the direction of the short stroke. For example, in the one-needle code, E is left-right-left, L is right-left-right-left, and U is left-left-right.

GWR Cooke and Wheatstone double needle telegraph instrument

A magneto-powered Wheatstone A. B. C. telegraph with the horizontal "communicator" dial, the inclined "indicator" dial and crank handle for the magneto that generated the electrical signal.

Professor Morse sending the message – WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT on 24 May 1844

Foy–Breguet telegraph displaying the letter "Q"

Wheatstone automated telegraph network equipment

Phelps' Electro-motor Printing Telegraph from circa 1880, the last and most advanced telegraphy mechanism designed by George May Phelps

Teletype Model 33 ASR (Automatic Send and Receive)

The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901

German Lorenz SZ42 teleprinter attachment (left) and Lorenz military teleprinter (right) at The National Museum of Computing on Bletchley Park, England

The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph was an early electrical telegraph system dating from the 1830s invented by English inventor William Fothergill Cooke and English scientist Charles Wheatstone.

- Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph

The first commercial system, and the most widely used needle telegraph, was the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph, invented in 1837.

- Electrical telegraph

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Part of a document showing the company seal

Electric Telegraph Company

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British telegraph company founded in 1846 by William Fothergill Cooke and John Ricardo.

1854 stamps of the Electric Telegraph Company

An Electric & International Telegraph Company telegram and envelope, 28 July 1868

The equipment used was the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph, an electrical telegraph developed a few years earlier in collaboration with Charles Wheatstone.

Wheatstone, drawn by Samuel Laurence in 1868

English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher ( an encryption technique).

Michael Faraday, T. H. Huxley, Wheatstone, David Brewster, and John Tyndall (r.)

A double-needle telegraph instrument of the type used on the Great Western Railway

Francis Ronalds had observed signal retardation in his buried electric telegraph cable (but not his airborne line) in 1816 and outlined its cause to be induction.

A joint patent was taken out for their inventions, including the five-needle telegraph of Wheatstone, and an alarm worked by a relay, in which the current, by dipping a needle into mercury, completed a local circuit, and released the detent of a clockwork.

Needle telegraph

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Cooke and Wheatstone five-needle telegraph

A needle telegraph is an electrical telegraph that uses indicating needles moved electromagnetically as its means of displaying messages.

The most widely used needle system, and the first telegraph of any kind used commercially, was the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph, employed in Britain and the British Empire in the 19th and early-20th centuries, due to Charles Wheatstone and William Fothergill Cooke.

Part of the Russian–American Telegraph line bearing the single wire of an earth-return circuit, c. 1866

Earth-return telegraph

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A disused pole of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line which used to carry four lines using an earth-return

William Watson established the viability of earth return

Carl August von Steinheil was the first to put an earth-return telegraph into service

Earth-return telegraph is the system whereby the return path for the electric current of a telegraph circuit is provided by connection to the earth through an earth electrode.

Examples of multiwire systems included Pavel Schilling's experimental system in 1832, which had six signal wires so that the Cyrillic alphabet could be binary coded, and the Cooke and Wheatstone five-needle telegraph in 1837.