A report on Cornelius Nepos

Cornelius Nepos

Roman biographer.

- Cornelius Nepos
Cornelius Nepos

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Alcibiades Being Taught by Socrates (1776) by François-André Vincent (Musée Fabre)

Alcibiades

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Prominent Athenian statesman, orator, and general.

Prominent Athenian statesman, orator, and general.

Alcibiades Being Taught by Socrates (1776) by François-André Vincent (Musée Fabre)
Jean-Baptiste Regnault: Socrates dragging Alcibiades from the Embrace of Sensual Pleasure (1791) (Louvre)
Battle of Potidaea (432 BC): Athenians against Corinthians (detail). Scene of Socrates saving Alcibiades. 18th-century engraving.
Jean-Léon Gérôme: Socrates seeking Alcibiades in the House of Aspasia (1861)
Roman copy of a late fifth-century BC Athenian herma. Vandalizing hermai was one of the crimes of which Alcibiades was accused.
Coinage of Achaemenid Satrap Tissaphernes, who received Alcibiades as an advisor. Astyra, Mysia. Circa 400–395 BC
The Athenian strategy at Cyzicus. Left: Alcibiades's decoy force (blue) lures the Spartan fleet (black) out to sea. Right: Thrasybulus and Theramenes bring their squadrons in behind the Spartans to cut off their retreat towards Cyzicus, while Alcibiades turns to face the pursuing force.
Satellite image of the Thracian Chersonese (now known as the Gallipoli Peninsula) and surrounding area. Alcibiades traveled to the Chersonese in 408 BC and attacked the city of Selymbria on the north shore of the Propontis.
The multitude saluting the return of Alcibiades with loud acclamations.
Alcibiades finished his days in Hellespontine Phrygia, an Achaemenid Empire satrapy ruled by Satrap Pharnabazus II.
In 404 BC, Alcibiades, exiled in the Achaemenid Empire province of Hellespontine Phrygia, was assassinated by Persian soldiers, who may have been following the orders of Satrap Pharnabazus II, at the instigation of Sparta. La mort d'Alcibiade. Philippe Chéry, 1791. Musée des Beaux-Arts, La Rochelle.
Epitaph for Ipparetea, daughter of Alcibiades (Kerameikos Cemetery, Athens).
An engraving by Agostino Veneziano, reflecting a Renaissance view of Alcibiades
Pietro Testa: The Drunken Alcibiades Interrupting the Symposium (1648)
Félix Auvray (1800–1833): Alcibiades with the Courtesans (1833)

Central to the depiction of the Athenian statesman is Cornelius Nepos' famous phrase that Alcibiades "surpassed all the Athenians in grandeur and magnificence of living".

Lysander outside the walls of Athens, ordering their destruction. 19th century lithograph

Lysander

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Spartan military and political leader.

Spartan military and political leader.

Lysander outside the walls of Athens, ordering their destruction. 19th century lithograph
Encounter between Cyrus the Younger (left), Achaemenid satrap of Asia Minor and son of Darius II, and Spartan general Lysander (right) in Sardis. The encounter was related by Xenophon. Francesco Antonio Grue (1618–1673).
Lysander has the walls of Athens demolished
The assassination of the exiled Athenian general Alcibiades was organized by Pharnabazes, at the request of Lysander.

For instance, while the Roman biographer Cornelius Nepos charges him with "cruelty and perfidy", Lysander – according to Xenophon – nonetheless spared the population of captured Greek poleis such as Lampsacus,.

Thrasybulus receiving an olive crown for his successful campaign against the Thirty Tyrants. From Andrea Alciato's Emblemata.

Thrasybulus

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Athenian general and democratic leader.

Athenian general and democratic leader.

Thrasybulus receiving an olive crown for his successful campaign against the Thirty Tyrants. From Andrea Alciato's Emblemata.
The Athenian strategy at Cyzicus. Left: Alcibiades' decoy force (blue) lures the Spartan fleet (black) out to sea. Right: Thrasybulus and Theramenes bring their squadrons in behind the Spartans to cut off their retreat towards Cyzicus, while Alcibiades turns to face the pursuing force.

Most of the major ancient historians assigned credit for the dramatic Athenian victories of 411 BC to Alcibiades, but a few, such as Cornelius Nepos, pointed to the decisive role that was played in these battles by Thrasybulus.

Titus Pomponius Atticus

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Titus Pomponius Atticus (c.

Titus Pomponius Atticus (c.

According to Cornelius Nepos, he took care of Servilia after the death of her son Brutus at the Battle of Philippi.

First-century AD bust of Cicero in the Capitoline Museums, Rome

Cicero

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Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.

Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.

First-century AD bust of Cicero in the Capitoline Museums, Rome
First-century AD bust of Cicero in the Capitoline Museums, Rome
The Young Cicero Reading by Vincenzo Foppa (fresco, 1464), now at the Wallace Collection
Arpino, Italy, birthplace of Cicero
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Cicero's death (France, 15th century)
The Vengeance of Fulvia by Francisco Maura y Montaner, 1888 depicting Fulvia inspecting the severed head of Cicero
Cicero about age 60, from a marble bust
Henry VIII's childhood copy of De Officiis, bearing the inscription in his hand, "Thys boke is myne Prynce Henry"
Marci Tullii Ciceronis Opera Omnia (1566)

Cornelius Nepos, the first century BC biographer of Atticus, remarked that Cicero's letters contained such a wealth of detail "concerning the inclinations of leading men, the faults of the generals, and the revolutions in the government" that their reader had little need for a history of the period.

Modern bust of Catullus on the Piazza Carducci in Sirmione.

Catullus

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Latin poet of the late Roman Republic who wrote chiefly in the neoteric style of poetry, focusing on personal life rather than classical heroes.

Latin poet of the late Roman Republic who wrote chiefly in the neoteric style of poetry, focusing on personal life rather than classical heroes.

Modern bust of Catullus on the Piazza Carducci in Sirmione.
Catullus at Lesbia's by Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema
Bithynia within the Roman Empire
Catullus et in eum commentarius (1554)
Lesbia, 1878 painting by John Reinhard Weguelin inspired by the poems of Catullus

His friends there included the poets Licinius Calvus, and Helvius Cinna, Quintus Hortensius (son of the orator and rival of Cicero) and the biographer Cornelius Nepos, to whom Catullus dedicated a libellus of poems, the relation of which to the extant collection remains a matter of debate.

Ostiglia

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Comune (municipality) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 160 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km southeast of Mantua.

Comune (municipality) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 160 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km southeast of Mantua.

In the 1st century BC it was the birthplace of writer Cornelius Nepos.

Herm of Themistocles (1875 illustration)

Themistocles

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Athenian politician and general.

Athenian politician and general.

Herm of Themistocles (1875 illustration)
Profile view of an ancient Greek bust of Themistocles
A sluicing tank for silver ore, excavated at Laurium, Attica
A Roman-era bust of Themistocles in "Severe style", based on a Greek original, in the Museo Archeologico Ostiense, Ostia, Rome, Italy. The lost original of this bust, dated to circa 470 BC, has been described as "the first true portrait of an individual European".
Decree of Themistocles, National Archaeological Museum of Athens, 13330
Diagram of the approximate events of the Battle of Salamis
Romantic interpretation of the Battle of Salamis by Wilhelm von Kaulbach. Artemisia of Caria is seen shooting arrows in the direction of the Greeks led by Themistocles.
The triumph of Themistocles after the Battle of Salamis. 19th century illustration.
Themistocles honoured at Sparta.
Athenians rebuilding their city under the direction of Themistocles.
The northern wall of the Acropolis of Athens, built by Themistocles with built-in fragments of destroyed temples.
Column drums of the destroyed Older Parthenon, reused in building-up the North wall of the Acropolis, by Themistocles.
Ostracon with inscription: "Themist[h]ocles, son of Neocles"
Themistocles finds refuge with King Admetus.
Illustration by Walter Crane showing Themistocles standing silently before King Artaxerxes
Coin of Themistocles as Governor of Magnesia. Obv: Head of Zeus. Rev: Letters ΘΕ, initials of Themistocles. Circa 465-459 BC
Coin of Themistocles as Governor of Magnesia. Obv: Barley grain. ΘE to left. Rev: Possible portrait of Themistocles. Circa 465–459 BC.
Didrachm of Themistocles in Magnesia. Obv: Apollo standing in clamys, legend around ΘΕΜΙΣΤΟΚ-ΛΕΟΣ ("Themistokles"). Rev: Eagle with letters Μ-Α ("Magnesia").
Hemiobol of Themistocles in Magnesia, where he is seen wearing a tight bonnet with Olive wreath (a similar headdress can be seen on the coinage of Kherei). This possibly reflects the bonnets of Achaemenid Satraps, such as seen in the Herakleia head. Initials Θ-Ε around portrait and on reverse. c. 465–459 BC
A dignitary of Asia Minor in Achaemenid style, c. 475 BC. Karaburun tomb near Elmalı, Lycia.
Portrait of a ruler with olive wreath on the Magnesian coinage of Archeptolis, son of Themistocles, c. 459 BC. The portraits on the coinage of Archeptolis could also represent Themistocles.
Bust of Themistocles
Ruins of the Themistoclean Wall in the Kerameikos of Athens, Greece, named after Themistocles
Map of the Athenian Empire in 431 BC

Nepos in the 1st century BC wrote about a statue of Themistocles visible in the forum of Magnesia.

Peltasts on the Tomb of Payava (circa 360 BC), around the time of Iphicrates. They are equipped with the exomis, the pilos with crest and cheekpiece, and the round pelte shield, and are depicted thrusting overarm with a long spear.

Iphicrates

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Athenian general, who flourished in the earlier half of the 4th century BC. He is credited with important infantry reforms that revolutionized ancient Greek warfare by regularizing light-armed peltasts.

Athenian general, who flourished in the earlier half of the 4th century BC. He is credited with important infantry reforms that revolutionized ancient Greek warfare by regularizing light-armed peltasts.

Peltasts on the Tomb of Payava (circa 360 BC), around the time of Iphicrates. They are equipped with the exomis, the pilos with crest and cheekpiece, and the round pelte shield, and are depicted thrusting overarm with a long spear.
Iphicrates was part of the Achaemenid campaign of Pharnabazus II against Egypt in 373 BC.

Cornelius Nepos wrote that Iphicrates was such a leader, that he was not only comparable to the first commanders of his own time, but no one even of the older generals could be set above him.

Stater of the Boeotian League minted c. 364 - 362 BC by Epaminondas, whose name EΠ-AMI is inscribed on the reverse

Epaminondas

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Greek general of Thebes and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a pre-eminent position in Greek politics called the Theban Hegemony.

Greek general of Thebes and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a pre-eminent position in Greek politics called the Theban Hegemony.

Stater of the Boeotian League minted c. 364 - 362 BC by Epaminondas, whose name EΠ-AMI is inscribed on the reverse
Epaminondas defending Pelopidas at the siege of Mantinea (385 BC)
The Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), showing Epaminondas's tactical advances
Messenia in the classical period
The Theban hegemony; power-blocks in Greece in the decade up to 362 BC
Isaak Walraven, The Death of Epaminondas (1726), Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
Epaminondas, an idealized figure in the grounds of Stowe House

There is also a surviving (and possibly abridged) biography of Epaminondas by the Roman author Cornelius Nepos from the first century BC which, in the absence of Plutarch's, becomes a major source for Epaminondas's life.