Counter-Reformation and Related Topics

Catholic Church

18 links

Largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide.

The first use of the term "Catholic Church" (literally meaning "universal church") was by the church father Saint Ignatius of Antioch in his Letter to the Smyrnaeans (c. 110 AD). Ignatius of Antioch is also attributed the earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Χριστιανισμός) c. 100 AD. He died in Rome, with his relics located in the Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano.

This fresco (1481–82) by Pietro Perugino in the Sistine Chapel shows Jesus giving the keys of heaven to Saint Peter.

The Last Supper, a late 1490s mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci, depicting the last supper of Jesus and his twelve apostles on the eve of his crucifixion. Most apostles are buried in Rome, including Saint Peter.

19th-century drawing by Henry William Brewer of Old Saint Peter's Basilica, originally built in 318 by Emperor Constantine

The Renaissance period was a golden age for Catholic art. Pictured: the Sistine Chapel ceiling painted by Michelangelo

Ruins of the Jesuit Reduction at São Miguel das Missões in Brazil

While, since the 1960s, Pope Pius XII has been accused of not having done enough to shelter Jews from the Holocaust, his defenders claim he secretly encouraged individual Catholic resistance groups, such as that led by priest Heinrich Maier. Maier helped the allies fight against the V-2, which was produced by concentration camp prisoners.

Members of the Canadian Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII, following the Liberation of Rome in 1944 during World War II

Bishops listen during the Second Vatican Council

Pope John Paul II was credited as a major influence to the end of the Cold War and the fall of communism. Here with U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his wife, Nancy, in 1982.

Francis is the 266th and current pope of the Catholic Church, a title he holds ex officio as bishop of Rome, and sovereign of Vatican City. He was elected in the 2013 papal conclave.

C. 1210 manuscript version of the traditional Shield of the Trinity theological diagram

The Blessed Virgin Mary is highly regarded in the Catholic Church, proclaiming her as Mother of God, free from original sin and an intercessor.

Mass at the Grotto at Lourdes, France. The chalice is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.

Baptism of Augustine of Hippo as represented in a sculptural group in Troyes Cathedral (1549), France

Pope Benedict XVI celebrates the Eucharist at the canonisation of Frei Galvão in São Paulo, Brazil on 11 May 2007

A Catholic believer prays in a church in Mexico

The Seven Sacraments Altarpiece triptych painting of Extreme Unction (Anointing of the Sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1445.

Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.

Catholic religious objects – Holy Bible, crucifix and rosary

East Syrian Rite wedding crowning celebrated by a bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in India, one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in full communion with the pope and the Catholic Church.

Saint Teresa of Calcutta advocated for the sick, the poor and the needy by practicing the acts of corporal works of mercy.

Pope Paul VI issued Humanae vitae on 25 July 1968.

The Council of Trent (1545–1563) became the driving force behind the Counter-Reformation in response to the Protestant movement.

Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms, where he refused to recant his works when asked to by Charles V. (painting from Anton von Werner, 1877, Staatsgalerie Stuttgart)

Major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority, arising from what were perceived to be errors, abuses, and discrepancies by the Catholic Church.

Martin Luther's 1534 Bible translated into German. Luther's translation influenced the development of the current Standard German.

Erasmus was a Catholic priest who inspired some of the Protestant reformers

Jiří Třanovský (1592–1637), the "Luther of the Slavs" who was active in Bohemia, Moravia, Poland, and Slovakia (Upper Hungary)

Huldrych Zwingli launched the Reformation in Switzerland. Portrait by Hans Asper.

John Calvin was one of the leading figures of the Reformation. His legacy remains in a variety of churches.

The seal of the Diocese of Turku (Finland) during the 16th and 17th centuries featured the finger of St Henry. The post-Reformation diocese included the relic of a pre-Reformation saint in its seal.

Henry VIII broke England's ties with the Roman Catholic Church, becoming the sole head of the English Church.

Thomas Cranmer proved essential in the development of the English Reformation.

Oliver Cromwell was a devout Puritan and military leader, who became Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

John Knox was a leading figure in the Scottish Reformation

Although a Catholic clergyman himself, Cardinal Richelieu allied France with Protestant states.

Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre, painting by François Dubois

Contemporary illustration of the auto-da-fé of Valladolid, in which fourteen Protestants were burned at the stake for their faith, on 21 May 1559

Anabaptist Dirk Willems rescues his pursuer and is subsequently burned at the stake in 1569.

Stephen Bocskay prevented the Holy Roman Emperor from imposing Catholicism on Hungarians.

A devout Catholic, Mary I of England started the first Plantations of Ireland, which, ironically, soon came to be associated with Protestantism.

Waldensian symbol Lux lucet in tenebris ("Light glows in the darkness")

Jan Łaski sought unity between various Christian Churches in the Commonwealth, and participated in the English Reformation.

Primož Trubar, a Lutheran reformer in Slovenia

Religious fragmentation in Central Europe at the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War (1618).

The Reformation at its peak, superimposed on modern European borders

The Reformation & the Counter-Reformation—both at their end—and superimposed on modern European borders

Treaty of Westphalia allowed Calvinism to be freely exercised, reducing the need for Crypto-Calvinism

Katharina von Bora played a role in shaping social ethics during the Reformation.

Leaders within the Roman Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Confutatio Augustana in 1530, the Council of Trent in 1545, the formation of the Jesuits in 1540, the Defensio Tridentinæ fidei in 1578, and also a series of wars and expulsions of Protestants that continued until the 19th century.

Council of Trent

14 links

The 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.

Pope Paul III, convener of the Council of Trent.

The Council, depicted by Pasquale Cati (Cati da Iesi)

Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

Pope Paul III

8 links

Head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death in 1549.

Pope Paul III and his Grandsons Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (left), and Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (right), II Duke of Parma since 1547. A triple portrait by Titian, 1546

Ranuccio Farnese was made cardinal by Paul III at the age of 15.

The Farnese coat of arms or stemma on the facade of the Farnese Palace in Rome.

Pope Paul III approves the Society of Jesus, c. 1640, by Domingos da Cunha.

Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese by Raphael, 1512.

Rome, Italy. St. Peter's, tomb of Paul III. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection.

His pontificate initiated the Counter-Reformation with the Council of Trent in 1545, as well as the Wars of religion with Emperor Charles V's military campaigns against the Protestants in Germany.

St. Peter's Basilica

9 links

Church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal enclave that is within the city of Rome, Italy.

View from the Tiber on Ponte Sant'Angelo and the Basilica. The iconic dome dominates the skyline of Rome.

St. Peter and the Apostles on the Facade of St. Peter's Basilica

Bishops at the Second Vatican Council in 1962

Crepuscular rays are seen in St. Peter's Basilica at certain times each day.

An early interpretation of the relative locations of the circus, and the medieval and current Basilicas of St. Peter.

Maarten van Heemskerck - Santa Maria della Febbre, Vatican Obelisk, Saint Peter's Basilica in construction (1532)

A conjectural view of the Old St. Peter's Basilica by H. W. Brewer, 1891

St. Peter's Basilica from Castel Sant'Angelo showing the dome rising behind Maderno's façade.

1506 medal by Cristoforo Foppa depicting Bramante's design, including the four flanking smaller domes

The engraving by Stefan du Pérac was published in 1569, five years after the death of Michelangelo

The dome was brought to completion by Giacomo della Porta and Fontana.

Architectural details of the central part looking upward into the dome

Michelangelo's plan extended with Maderno's nave and narthex

Maderno's façade, with the statues of Saint Peter (left) and Saint Paul (right) flanking the entrance stairs

Maderno's nave, looking towards the chancel

The apse with St. Peter's Cathedra supported by four Doctors of the Church

St. Peter's Basilica and the piazza at night

One of the two fountains which form the axis of the piazza.

Evening aerial view of the piazza and facade

View of Rome from the Dome of St. Peter's Basilica

Air vents for the crypt in St. Peter's Basilica

Cardinals at Mass in Saint Peter's Basilica two days before a papal conclave, 16 April 2005.

The inauguration of Pope Francis in 2013

Silhouette of St. Peter's Basilica at sundown (view from Castel Sant'Angelo).

alt= A marble statue showing a matronly woman in a sweeping cloak supporting a cross which stands beside her and presenting a set of nails to the viewer with her left hand|Saint Helena

alt= This statue shows a Roman soldier, with a cloak furling around him, gazing upward while he supports a long spear with his right hand and throws out his other hand in amazement.|Saint Longinus

alt= This statue shows an elderly man, bare-chested, and draped, looking up despairingly as he supports a large cross, arranged diagonally.|Saint Andrew

alt= This statue shows the saint as a young woman, who, with a sweeping dramatic gesture, displays a cloth on which there is an image of the face of Jesus.|Saint Veronica

alt= A pair of bronze doors divided into sixteen panels containing reliefs depicting scenes mainly from the life of Jesus and stories that he told.|The Holy Door is opened only for great celebrations.

alt= A large memorial set in a niche. The marble figure of a kneeling pope is surrounded by allegoric marble figures, and sculptured drapery surfaced with patterned red stone.|The tomb of Alexander VII, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1671–1678.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Docs/seminarians4.htm|website=saintpetersbasilica.org|title=The Seminarian GuidesNorth American College, Rome|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref>

alt= Peter is shown as a bearded man in draped garment like a toga. He is seated on a chair made of marble, and has his right hand raised in a gesture of blessing while in his left hand he holds two large keys. Behind the statue, the wall is patterned in mosaic to resemble red and gold brocade cloth.|The bronze statue of Saint Peter holding the keys of heaven, attributed to Arnolfo di Cambio.

alt= This marble statue shows the Virgin Mary seated, mourning over the lifeless body of Jesus which is supported across her knees.|The Pietà by Michelangelo, 1498–1499, is in the north aisle.

St. Peter's has many historical associations, with the Early Christian Church, the Papacy, the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-reformation and numerous artists, especially Michelangelo.

Society of Jesus

13 links

Religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

A fresco depicting Ignatius receiving the papal bull from Pope Paul III was created after 1743 by Johann Christoph Handke in the Church of Our Lady Of the Snow in Olomouc.

The Spanish missionary José de Anchieta was, together with Manuel da Nóbrega, the first Jesuit that Ignacio de Loyola sent to America.

Bell made in Portugal for Nanbanji Church run by Jesuits in Japan, 1576–1587

Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi in the 1607 Chinese publication of Euclid's Elements

Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin, published by Philippe Couplet, Prospero Intorcetta, Christian Herdtrich, and François de Rougemont at Paris in 1687

A map of the 200-odd Jesuit churches and missions established across China

Bressani map of 1657 depicting the martyrdom of Jean de Brébeuf

Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó in the 18th century, the first permanent Jesuit mission in Baja California, established by Juan María de Salvatierra in 1697

Main altar of the Jesuit colegio in Tepozotlan, now the Museo Nacional del Virreinato

Mexican-born Jesuit Francisco Clavijero (1731–1787) wrote an important history of Mexico.

Acosta's Historia natural y moral de las Indias (1590) text on the Americas

Peter Claver ministering to African slaves at Cartagena

Samuel Fritz's 1707 map showing the Amazon and the Orinoco

Ruins of La Santisima Trinidad de Parana mission in Paraguay, founded by Jesuits in 1706

Manuel da Nóbrega on a commemorative Portuguese stamp of the 400th anniversary of the foundation of São Paulo, Brazil

Visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the Jesuit-run Pontifical Gregorian University

Jesuit Alfred Delp, member of the Kreisau Circle that operated within Nazi Germany was executed in February 1945

Jesuit scholars in China. Top: Matteo Ricci, Adam Schall and Ferdinand Verbiest (1623–88); Bottom: Paul Siu (Xu Guangqi), Colao or Prime Minister of State, and his granddaughter Candide Hiu.

The Sanctuary of Loyola in Azpeitia, Basque Country, Spain, the main Jesuit shrine in the birthplace of Ignatius of Loyola

History of the Jesuit missions in India, China and Japan (Luis de Guzmán, 1601).

The Church of the Gesù in Rome, is the mother church of the Jesuits.

Iglesia de La Compañía, Quito, Ecuador, interior with gold leaf

Church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre, Paris, France

Colegio de Belén, Havana, "The Palace of Education"

Christ the King Church in the Ateneo de Naga University campus, Naga City, Philippines

Fordham University Church at Rose Hill, Bronx, New York, USA

St. John's Church in Creighton University campus, Omaha, Nebraska, USA

Holy Name of Jesus Church in the Loyola University New Orleans campus, New Orleans Louisiana USA

The Church of the Gesu in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, is the school church of Marquette University.

St. Francis Xavier Church, a Jesuit parish church across the street from the Rockhurst University campus, Kansas City, Missouri, USA

St. Francis Xavier College Church in the Saint Louis University campus, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

The Santa Clara University's Mission Church is at the heart of Santa Clara University's historic campus Santa Clara, California, USA.

St. Ignatius Church, a Jesuit parish church in the University of San Francisco campus, San Francisco, California, USA

the Church of the Gesu, Philadelphia is the school church of St. Joseph's Preparatory School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

The Church of the Gesu in Frascati, province of Rome, Italy

The Église du Gesù in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, church and cultural venue

Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba, Argentina

Pontifical Xaverian University, Bogota, Colombia

Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, Italy

Elisabeth University of Music, Hiroshima, Japan.

Fordham University, New York City, United States

Fairfield University, Bellarmine Hall, Fairfield, Connecticut, United States

Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology, Frankfurt, Germany

Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States

The society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council.

Portrait by Bartolomeo Passarotti (c. 1566, Walters Art Museum in Baltimore)

Pope Pius V

7 links

Head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1566 to his death in 1572.

The body of Pius V in his tomb in Santa Maria Maggiore

Portrait of Pius V by Pierre Le Gros on the tomb

He is chiefly notable for his role in the Council of Trent, the Counter-Reformation, and the standardization of the Roman Rite within the Latin Church.