A report on Rome and Counter-Reformation

A copy of the Sixtine Vulgate, the Latin edition of the Catholic Bible printed in 1590 after many of the Council of Trent's reforms had begun to take place in Catholic worship

Roman representation of the god Tiber, Capitoline Hill in Rome

Capitoline Wolf, a sculpture of the mythical she-wolf suckling the infant twins Romulus and Remus

Confutatio Augustana (left) and Confessio Augustana (right) being presented to Charles V

The Ancient-Imperial-Roman palaces of the Palatine, a series of palaces located in the Palatine Hill, express power and wealth of emperors from Augustus until the 4th century.

A session of the Council of Trent, from an engraving

The Imperial fora belong to a series of monumental fora (public squares) constructed in Rome by the emperors. Also seen in the image is Trajan's Market.

This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

The Roman Empire at its greatest extent in 117 AD, approximately 6.5 e6km2 of land surface.

Anabaptist Dirk Willems rescues his pursuer and is subsequently burned at the stake in 1569.

The Roman Forum are the remains of those buildings that during most of Ancient Rome's time represented the political, legal, religious and economic centre of the city and the neuralgic centre of all the Roman civilisation.

Peter Paul Rubens was the great Flemish artist of the Counter-Reformation. He painted Adoration of the Magi in 1624.

Trajan's Column, triumphal column and place where the relics of Emperor Trajan are placed.

Matanzas Inlet, Florida, where the survivors were killed

The Pyramid of Cestius and the Aurelian Walls

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

15th-century illustration depicting the Sack of Rome (410) by the Visigothic king Alaric I

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Detail view on an illustration by Raphael portraying the crowning of Charlemagne in Old Saint Peter's Basilica, on 25 December 800

Johann Michael Rottmayr (1729): The Catholic faith defeats Protestant heresies; part of a fresco inside Karlskirche in Vienna

Almost 500 years old, this map of Rome by Mario Cartaro (from 1575) shows the city's primary monuments.

Castel Sant'Angelo or Hadrian's Mausoleum, is a Roman monument radically altered in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance built in 134 AD and crowned with 16th and 17th-century statues.

Fontana della Barcaccia by Gian Lorenzo Bernini in 1629

A View of the Piazza Navona, Rome, Hendrik Frans van Lint, c. 1730

Bombardment of Rome by Allied planes, 1943

The Palazzo del Quirinale, now seat of the President of the Italian Republic

Aerial view of part of Rome's Centro Storico

Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, Rome's Cathedral, built in 324, and partly rebuilt between 1660 and 1734

Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, one of the four papal major basilicas and has numerous architectural styles, built between the 4th century and 1743

St. Peter's Basilica at night from Via della Conciliazione in Rome

The Pantheon, built as a temple dedicated to "all the gods of the past, present and future"

The Colosseum is still today the largest amphitheater in the world. It was used for gladiator shows and other public events (hunting shows, recreations of famous battles and dramas based on classical mythology).

The Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana in EUR district

The Temple of Aesculapius, in the Villa Borghese gardens

The Trevi Fountain. Construction began during the time of Ancient Rome and was completed in 1762 by a design of Nicola Salvi.

Fontana dei Fiumi by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1648

The Vatican Caves, the place where many popes are buried

Rome chamber of commerce in the ancient Temple of Hadrian

The Sapienza University of Rome, founded in 1303

The Teatro dell'Opera di Roma at the Piazza Beniamino Gigli

The Vatican Museums are the 3rd most visited art museum in the world.

Spaghetti alla carbonara, a typical Roman dish

Concia di zucchine, an example of Roman-Jewish cuisine

Sepulchral inscription for Tiberius Claudius Tiberinus, a Plebeian and professional declaimer of poetry. 1st century AD, Museo Nazionale Romano

Stadio Olimpico, home of A.S. Roma and S.S. Lazio, is one of the largest in Europe, with a capacity of over 70,000.

Rome–Fiumicino Airport was the tenth busiest airport in Europe in 2016.

Roma Metrorail and Underground map, 2016

Sculpture dedicated to Rome in the Square Samuel-Paty in Paris

Column dedicated to Paris in 1956 near the Baths of Diocletian

Thus, the Council of Trent combated "absenteeism", which was the practice of bishops living in Rome or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses.

- Counter-Reformation

The corruption of the Popes and the huge expenses for their building projects led, in part, to the Reformation and, in turn, the Counter-Reformation.

- Rome

8 related topics with Alpha

Catholic Church

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Largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide.

The first use of the term "Catholic Church" (literally meaning "universal church") was by the church father Saint Ignatius of Antioch in his Letter to the Smyrnaeans (c. 110 AD). Ignatius of Antioch is also attributed the earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Χριστιανισμός) c. 100 AD. He died in Rome, with his relics located in the Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano.

This fresco (1481–82) by Pietro Perugino in the Sistine Chapel shows Jesus giving the keys of heaven to Saint Peter.

The Last Supper, a late 1490s mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci, depicting the last supper of Jesus and his twelve apostles on the eve of his crucifixion. Most apostles are buried in Rome, including Saint Peter.

19th-century drawing by Henry William Brewer of Old Saint Peter's Basilica, originally built in 318 by Emperor Constantine

The Renaissance period was a golden age for Catholic art. Pictured: the Sistine Chapel ceiling painted by Michelangelo

Ruins of the Jesuit Reduction at São Miguel das Missões in Brazil

While, since the 1960s, Pope Pius XII has been accused of not having done enough to shelter Jews from the Holocaust, his defenders claim he secretly encouraged individual Catholic resistance groups, such as that led by priest Heinrich Maier. Maier helped the allies fight against the V-2, which was produced by concentration camp prisoners.

Members of the Canadian Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII, following the Liberation of Rome in 1944 during World War II

Bishops listen during the Second Vatican Council

Pope John Paul II was credited as a major influence to the end of the Cold War and the fall of communism. Here with U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his wife, Nancy, in 1982.

Francis is the 266th and current pope of the Catholic Church, a title he holds ex officio as bishop of Rome, and sovereign of Vatican City. He was elected in the 2013 papal conclave.

C. 1210 manuscript version of the traditional Shield of the Trinity theological diagram

The Blessed Virgin Mary is highly regarded in the Catholic Church, proclaiming her as Mother of God, free from original sin and an intercessor.

Mass at the Grotto at Lourdes, France. The chalice is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.

Baptism of Augustine of Hippo as represented in a sculptural group in Troyes Cathedral (1549), France

Pope Benedict XVI celebrates the Eucharist at the canonisation of Frei Galvão in São Paulo, Brazil on 11 May 2007

A Catholic believer prays in a church in Mexico

The Seven Sacraments Altarpiece triptych painting of Extreme Unction (Anointing of the Sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1445.

Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.

Catholic religious objects – Holy Bible, crucifix and rosary

East Syrian Rite wedding crowning celebrated by a bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in India, one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in full communion with the pope and the Catholic Church.

Saint Teresa of Calcutta advocated for the sick, the poor and the needy by practicing the acts of corporal works of mercy.

Pope Paul VI issued Humanae vitae on 25 July 1968.

The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.

The Council of Trent (1545–1563) became the driving force behind the Counter-Reformation in response to the Protestant movement.

Florence, the birthplace of the European Renaissance. The architectural perspective, and modern systems and fields of banking and accounting were introduced during the Renaissance.

Period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas and achievements of classical antiquity.

Portrait of a Young Woman (c. 1480–85) (Simonetta Vespucci) by Sandro Botticelli

View of Florence, birthplace of the Renaissance

A political map of the Italian Peninsula circa 1494

Pieter Bruegel's The Triumph of Death (c. 1562) reflects the social upheaval and terror that followed the plague that devastated medieval Europe.

Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of Florence and patron of arts (Portrait by Vasari)

Pico della Mirandola, writer of the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man, which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance".

Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (c. 1490) demonstrates the effect writers of Antiquity had on Renaissance thinkers. Based on the specifications in Vitruvius' De architectura (1st century BC), Leonardo tried to draw the perfectly proportioned man. (Museum Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice)

Anonymous portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus (c. 1580)

Portrait of Luca Pacioli, father of accounting, painted by Jacopo de' Barbari, 1495, (Museo di Capodimonte).

The world map by Pietro Coppo, Venice, 1520

Alexander VI, a Borgia Pope infamous for his corruption

Adoration of the Magi and Solomon adored by the Queen of Sheba from the Farnese Hours (1546) by Giulio Clovio marks the end of the Italian Renaissance of illuminated manuscript together with the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.

"What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god!" – from William Shakespeare's Hamlet.

Château de Chambord (1519–1547), one of the most famous examples of Renaissance architecture

Portrait of Emperor Maximilian I, by Albrecht Dürer, 1519

Erasmus of Rotterdam in 1523, as depicted by Hans Holbein the Younger

São Pedro Papa, 1530–1535, by Grão Vasco Fernandes. A pinnacle piece from when the Portuguese Renaissance had considerable external influence.

The Palace of Facets on the Cathedral Square of the Moscow Kremlin

Theotokos and The Child, the late-17th-century Russian icon by Karp Zolotaryov, with notably realistic depiction of faces and clothing.

The Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo del Escorial, by Juan de Herrera and Juan Bautista de Toledo

A cover of the Lives of the Artists by Giorgio Vasari

Painting of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, an event in the French Wars of Religion, by François Dubois

Other major centers were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Milan, Bologna, and Rome during the Renaissance Papacy.

As the Reformation and Counter-Reformation clashed, the Northern Renaissance showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristotelean natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences (botany, anatomy, and medicine).

St. Peter's Basilica

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View from the Tiber on Ponte Sant'Angelo and the Basilica. The iconic dome dominates the skyline of Rome.

St. Peter and the Apostles on the Facade of St. Peter's Basilica

Bishops at the Second Vatican Council in 1962

Crepuscular rays are seen in St. Peter's Basilica at certain times each day.

An early interpretation of the relative locations of the circus, and the medieval and current Basilicas of St. Peter.

Maarten van Heemskerck - Santa Maria della Febbre, Vatican Obelisk, Saint Peter's Basilica in construction (1532)

A conjectural view of the Old St. Peter's Basilica by H. W. Brewer, 1891

St. Peter's Basilica from Castel Sant'Angelo showing the dome rising behind Maderno's façade.

1506 medal by Cristoforo Foppa depicting Bramante's design, including the four flanking smaller domes

The engraving by Stefan du Pérac was published in 1569, five years after the death of Michelangelo

The dome was brought to completion by Giacomo della Porta and Fontana.

Architectural details of the central part looking upward into the dome

Michelangelo's plan extended with Maderno's nave and narthex

Maderno's façade, with the statues of Saint Peter (left) and Saint Paul (right) flanking the entrance stairs

Maderno's nave, looking towards the chancel

The apse with St. Peter's Cathedra supported by four Doctors of the Church

St. Peter's Basilica and the piazza at night

One of the two fountains which form the axis of the piazza.

Evening aerial view of the piazza and facade

View of Rome from the Dome of St. Peter's Basilica

Air vents for the crypt in St. Peter's Basilica

Cardinals at Mass in Saint Peter's Basilica two days before a papal conclave, 16 April 2005.

The inauguration of Pope Francis in 2013

Silhouette of St. Peter's Basilica at sundown (view from Castel Sant'Angelo).

alt= A marble statue showing a matronly woman in a sweeping cloak supporting a cross which stands beside her and presenting a set of nails to the viewer with her left hand|Saint Helena

alt= This statue shows a Roman soldier, with a cloak furling around him, gazing upward while he supports a long spear with his right hand and throws out his other hand in amazement.|Saint Longinus

alt= This statue shows an elderly man, bare-chested, and draped, looking up despairingly as he supports a large cross, arranged diagonally.|Saint Andrew

alt= This statue shows the saint as a young woman, who, with a sweeping dramatic gesture, displays a cloth on which there is an image of the face of Jesus.|Saint Veronica

alt= A pair of bronze doors divided into sixteen panels containing reliefs depicting scenes mainly from the life of Jesus and stories that he told.|The Holy Door is opened only for great celebrations.

alt= A large memorial set in a niche. The marble figure of a kneeling pope is surrounded by allegoric marble figures, and sculptured drapery surfaced with patterned red stone.|The tomb of Alexander VII, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1671–1678.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Docs/seminarians4.htm|website=saintpetersbasilica.org|title=The Seminarian GuidesNorth American College, Rome|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref>

alt= Peter is shown as a bearded man in draped garment like a toga. He is seated on a chair made of marble, and has his right hand raised in a gesture of blessing while in his left hand he holds two large keys. Behind the statue, the wall is patterned in mosaic to resemble red and gold brocade cloth.|The bronze statue of Saint Peter holding the keys of heaven, attributed to Arnolfo di Cambio.

alt= This marble statue shows the Virgin Mary seated, mourning over the lifeless body of Jesus which is supported across her knees.|The Pietà by Michelangelo, 1498–1499, is in the north aisle.

The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican (Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica (Basilica Sancti Petri), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal enclave that is within the city of Rome, Italy.

St. Peter's has many historical associations, with the Early Christian Church, the Papacy, the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-reformation and numerous artists, especially Michelangelo.

Italy

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Country that consists of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and several islands surrounding it; its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical region.

Expansion of the territory called "Italy" from ancient Greece until Diocletian

The Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries a symbol of the Kings of Italy

Marco Polo, explorer of the 13th century, recorded his 24 years-long travels in the Book of the Marvels of the World, introducing Europeans to Central Asia and China.

The Italian states before the beginning of the Italian Wars in 1494

Leonardo da Vinci, the quintessential Renaissance man, in a self-portrait (ca. 1512, Royal Library, Turin)

Christopher Columbus leads an expedition to the New World, 1492. His voyages are celebrated as the discovery of the Americas from a European perspective, and they opened a new era in the history of humankind and sustained contact between the two worlds.

Flag of the Cispadane Republic, which was the first Italian tricolour adopted by a sovereign Italian state (1797)

Holographic copy of 1847 of Il Canto degli Italiani, the Italian national anthem since 1946

Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871

The Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, a national symbol of Italy celebrating the first king of the unified country, and resting place of the Italian Unknown Soldier since the end of World War I. It was inaugurated in 1911, on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the Unification of Italy.

The fascist dictator Benito Mussolini titled himself Duce and ruled the country from 1922 to 1943.

Areas controlled by the Italian Empire at its peak

Italian partisans in Milan during the Italian Civil War, April 1945

Alcide De Gasperi, first republican Prime Minister of Italy and one of the Founding Fathers of the European Union

The signing ceremony of the Treaty of Rome on 25 March 1957, creating the European Economic Community, forerunner of the present-day European Union

Funerals of the victims of the Bologna bombing of 2 August 1980, the deadliest attack ever perpetrated in Italy during the Years of Lead

Italian government task force to face the COVID-19 emergency

Dolphins in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Aeolian Islands

Gran Paradiso, established in 1922, is the oldest Italian national park.

The Italian wolf, the national animal of Italy

Köppen-Geiger climate classification map of Italy

The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of Italy.

An Alfa Romeo 159 vehicle of the Carabinieri corps

Group photo of the G7 leaders at the 43rd G7 summit in Taormina

Heraldic coat of arms of the Italian Armed Forces

A proportional representation of Italy exports, 2019

Milan is the economic capital of Italy, and is a global financial centre and a fashion capital of the world.

The Autostrada dei Laghi ("Lakes Motorway"), the first motorway built in the world

FS' Frecciarossa 1000 high speed train, with a maximum speed of 400 km/h

Trieste, the main port of the northern Adriatic and starting point of the Transalpine Pipeline

ENI is considered one of the world's oil and gas "Supermajors".

Solar panels in Piombino. Italy is one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy.

Galileo Galilei, the father of modern science, physics and astronomy

Enrico Fermi, creator of the world's first first nuclear reactor

The Amalfi Coast is one of Italy's major tourist destinations.

Map of Italy's population density at the 2011 census

Italy is home to a large population of migrants from Eastern Europe and North Africa.

Linguistic map showing the languages spoken in Italy

Vatican City, the Holy See's sovereign territory

Bologna University, established in AD 1088, is the world's oldest academic institution.

Olive oil and vegetables are central to the Mediterranean diet.

The Last Supper (1494–1499), Leonardo da Vinci, Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

Michelangelo's David (1501–1504), Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence

The Birth of Venus (1484–1486), Sandro Botticelli, Uffizi Gallery, Florence

Dante shown holding a copy of the Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the mount of Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelino's fresco, 1465

Niccolò Machiavelli, founder of modern political science and ethics

Pinocchio is one of the world's most translated books and a canonical piece of children's literature.

Clockwise from top left: Thomas Aquinas, proponent of natural theology and the Father of Thomism; Giordano Bruno, one of the major scientific figures of the Western world; Cesare Beccaria, considered the Father of criminal justice and modern criminal law; and Maria Montessori, credited with the creation of the Montessori education

Statues of Pantalone and Harlequin, two stock characters from the Commedia dell'arte, in the Museo Teatrale alla Scala

Dario Fo, one of the most widely performed playwrights in modern theatre, received international acclaim for his highly improvisational style.

Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly and Turandot, are among the most frequently worldwide performed in the standard repertoire

Luciano Pavarotti, considered one of the finest tenors of the 20th century and the "King of the High Cs"

Giorgio Moroder, pioneer of Italo disco and electronic dance music, is known as the "Father of disco".

The Azzurri in 2012. Football is the most popular sport in Italy.

Starting in 1909, the Giro d'Italia is the Grands Tours' second oldest.

A Ferrari SF21 by Scuderia Ferrari, the most successful Formula One team

Prada shop at Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan

The traditional recipe for spaghetti with tomato and basil sauce

The Frecce Tricolori, with the smoke trails representing the national colours of Italy, during the celebrations of the Festa della Repubblica

The Venice Film Festival is the oldest film festival in the world.

A unitary parliamentary republic with Rome as its capital and largest city, the country covers a total area of 301230 km2 and shares land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, as well as the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino.

The Papacy remained a powerful force and launched the Counter-reformation.

Milan

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Roman ruins in Milan: the Columns of San Lorenzo

The remains of the Milan amphitheatre, which can be found inside the archaeological park of the Antiquarium in Milan

The biscione eating a child on the Visconti coat of arms

The Medieval Porta Ticinese (1100), is one of the three medieval gates of the city that still exist in the modern Milan.

The late 16th-century city encircled by the Spanish walls

Milan during the plague of 1630: plague carts carry the dead for burial.

Ceremonial reception of Russian Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov in Milan, April 1799

Popular print depicting the "Five Days" uprising against Austrian rule.

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II destroyed by Allied bombings, 1943

Palazzo Lombardia, headquarters of the regional government of Lombardy

Milan Cathedral is the largest Gothic cathedral in the world

Torre del Filarete of Sforza Castle (Castello Sforzesco), a historic medieval fortress.

Royal Villa of Milan, one of the finest examples of Neoclassical architecture in Lombardy

Art Deco Central railway station, the 8th busiest in Europe, opened in 1931

The Cimitero Monumentale, it is noted for the abundance of artistic tombs and monuments.

St. Ambrose Basilica dates back from AD 379–386

The skyscrapers of Porta Nuova business district

Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, together with the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Museo del Novecento displays the world's largest collection of Futurist art.

Founded in 1778, La Scala is the world's most famous opera house.

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is one of the city's largest shopping centres.

San Siro Stadium, home of A.C. Milan and Inter Milan, has a capacity of 80,000. It is Italy's biggest stadium.

Mediolanum Forum, home of Olimpia Milano

The Monza Formula One circuit is located near the city, inside a suburban park.

Bocconi University is a leading institution for economics, management and related disciplines in Europe.

University of Milan Bicocca, the city's newest university, ranks as the 82nd best young college on over 300 institutions in the 2020 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.

Milan Metro is Italy's longest rapid transit system.

Milan (,, Lombard: ; Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome.

The Counter-Reformation in the 16th to 17th centuries was also the period of Spanish domination and was marked by two powerful figures: Saint Charles Borromeo and his cousin, Cardinal Federico Borromeo.

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

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Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (c.

Facade of St John Lateran, Rome, where Palestrina was musical director

Portrait of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, 16th century

Palestrina, presenting his masses to Pope Julius III, 1554

Palestrina was born in the town of Palestrina, near Rome, then part of the Papal States to Neapolitan parents, Santo and Palma Pierluigi, in 1525, possibly on 3 February.

While Palestrina's compositional motivations are not known, he may have been quite conscious of the need for intelligible text; however, this was not to conform with any doctrine of the Counter-Reformation, because no such doctrine exists.

Society of Jesus

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A fresco depicting Ignatius receiving the papal bull from Pope Paul III was created after 1743 by Johann Christoph Handke in the Church of Our Lady Of the Snow in Olomouc.

The Spanish missionary José de Anchieta was, together with Manuel da Nóbrega, the first Jesuit that Ignacio de Loyola sent to America.

Bell made in Portugal for Nanbanji Church run by Jesuits in Japan, 1576–1587

Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi in the 1607 Chinese publication of Euclid's Elements

Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin, published by Philippe Couplet, Prospero Intorcetta, Christian Herdtrich, and François de Rougemont at Paris in 1687

A map of the 200-odd Jesuit churches and missions established across China

Bressani map of 1657 depicting the martyrdom of Jean de Brébeuf

Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó in the 18th century, the first permanent Jesuit mission in Baja California, established by Juan María de Salvatierra in 1697

Main altar of the Jesuit colegio in Tepozotlan, now the Museo Nacional del Virreinato

Mexican-born Jesuit Francisco Clavijero (1731–1787) wrote an important history of Mexico.

Acosta's Historia natural y moral de las Indias (1590) text on the Americas

Peter Claver ministering to African slaves at Cartagena

Samuel Fritz's 1707 map showing the Amazon and the Orinoco

Ruins of La Santisima Trinidad de Parana mission in Paraguay, founded by Jesuits in 1706

Manuel da Nóbrega on a commemorative Portuguese stamp of the 400th anniversary of the foundation of São Paulo, Brazil

Visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the Jesuit-run Pontifical Gregorian University

Jesuit Alfred Delp, member of the Kreisau Circle that operated within Nazi Germany was executed in February 1945

Jesuit scholars in China. Top: Matteo Ricci, Adam Schall and Ferdinand Verbiest (1623–88); Bottom: Paul Siu (Xu Guangqi), Colao or Prime Minister of State, and his granddaughter Candide Hiu.

The Sanctuary of Loyola in Azpeitia, Basque Country, Spain, the main Jesuit shrine in the birthplace of Ignatius of Loyola

History of the Jesuit missions in India, China and Japan (Luis de Guzmán, 1601).

The Church of the Gesù in Rome, is the mother church of the Jesuits.

Iglesia de La Compañía, Quito, Ecuador, interior with gold leaf

Church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre, Paris, France

Colegio de Belén, Havana, "The Palace of Education"

Christ the King Church in the Ateneo de Naga University campus, Naga City, Philippines

Fordham University Church at Rose Hill, Bronx, New York, USA

St. John's Church in Creighton University campus, Omaha, Nebraska, USA

Holy Name of Jesus Church in the Loyola University New Orleans campus, New Orleans Louisiana USA

The Church of the Gesu in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, is the school church of Marquette University.

St. Francis Xavier Church, a Jesuit parish church across the street from the Rockhurst University campus, Kansas City, Missouri, USA

St. Francis Xavier College Church in the Saint Louis University campus, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

The Santa Clara University's Mission Church is at the heart of Santa Clara University's historic campus Santa Clara, California, USA.

St. Ignatius Church, a Jesuit parish church in the University of San Francisco campus, San Francisco, California, USA

the Church of the Gesu, Philadelphia is the school church of St. Joseph's Preparatory School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

The Church of the Gesu in Frascati, province of Rome, Italy

The Église du Gesù in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, church and cultural venue

Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba, Argentina

Pontifical Xaverian University, Bogota, Colombia

Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, Italy

Elisabeth University of Music, Hiroshima, Japan.

Fordham University, New York City, United States

Fairfield University, Bellarmine Hall, Fairfield, Connecticut, United States

Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology, Frankfurt, Germany

Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviated SJ), also known as the Jesuits (Iesuitæ), is a religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

The society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council.

Peter Paul Rubens

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Flemish artist and diplomat from the Duchy of Brabant in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium).

The garden of the Rubenshuis in Antwerp designed by Rubens

The Fall of Phaeton, 1604, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria, 1606

Madonna on Floral Wreath, together with Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1619

Rubens and Isabella Brandt, the Honeysuckle Bower, c. 1609. Alte Pinakothek

Descent from the Cross, 1618. Hermitage Museum

Family of Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1613–1615. Courtauld Institute of Art

The Four Rivers of Paradise, c. 1615, Kunsthistorisches Museum

Portrait of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, c. 1622–1625

Hercules as Heroic Virtue Overcoming Discord, 1632–33

Old Woman and Boy with Candles, c. 1616/17

Repentant Magdalene and her sister Martha, c. 1620, Kunsthistorisches Museum

Equestrian portrait of the Duke of Lerma, 1603, Prado Museum

The Judgement of Paris, c. 1606 Museo del Prado

Portrait of a Young Woman with a Rosary, 1609–10, oil on wood, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum

Diana Returning from Hunt, 1615, oil on canvas, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister

The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus, c. 1617, oil on canvas, Alte Pinakothek

Portrait of King Philip IV of Spain, c. 1628–29

Portrait of Elisabeth of France. 1628, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

Portrait of Ambrogio Spinola, c. 1627, National Gallery in Prague

Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, c. 1617–1628, Pollok House

Sketch for Equestrian Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, 1625, Kimbell Art Museum

Portrait of King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland, 1620s, Wawel Royal Castle National Art Collection

Landscape with the Ruins of Mount Palatine in Rome, 1615

Miracle of Saint Hubert, painted together with Jan Bruegel, 1617

Landscape with Milkmaids and Cattle, 1618

The Château Het Steen with Hunter, c. 1635–1638, National Gallery, London

Jupiter and Callisto, 1613, Museumslandschaft of Hesse in Kassel

Pythagoras Advocating Vegetarianism, 1618–1630, by Rubens and Frans Snyders, inspired by Pythagoras's speech in Ovid's Metamorphoses, Royal Collection

Perseus and Andromeda, c. 1622, Hermitage Museum

Perseus Liberating Andromeda, 1639–40, Museo del Prado

Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars, 1629–1630, The National Gallery, London

Bacchanalia scene with nymphs and satyrs (detail of The feast of Venus Verticordia, 1635–36) Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna

Diana and her Nymphs surprised by the Fauns, c. 1639–40, Prado Museum

Venus and Adonis, 1635–1638, Metropolitan Museum of Art

King Ixion fooled by Juno, whom he wanted to seduce (Louvre Museum)

The Birth of the Milky Way, c. 1637, Prado Museum

Rubens with Hélène Fourment and their son Peter Paul, 1639, Metropolitan Museum of Art

Helena Fourment in Wedding Dress, detail, the artist's second wife, c. 1630, Alte Pinakothek

The Night, 1601–1603, black chalk and gouache on paper (after Michelangelo), Louvre-Lens

Man in Korean Costume, c. 1617, black chalk with touches of red chalk, J. Paul Getty Museum

Peter Paul Rubens (possibly his self-portrait), c. 1620s

Young Woman with Folded Hands, c. 1629–30, red and black chalk, heightened with white, Boijmans Van Beuningen

Study of Three Women (Psyche and her sisters), c. 1635, sanguine and ink on paper, Warsaw University Library

Study for a St. Mary Magdalen, date unknown, British Museum

Susanna and the elders, 1609–1610, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando

Jan Brueghel the Elder and Peter Paul Rubens, The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man, Mauritshuis, The Hague

Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg

His unique and immensely popular Baroque style emphasized movement, colour, and sensuality, which followed the immediate, dramatic artistic style promoted in the Counter-Reformation.

With financial support from the Duke, Rubens travelled to Rome by way of Florence in 1601.