A report on Counter-Reformation
The period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, also known as the Protestant Revolution.
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Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist
3 linksChristian doctrine that Jesus Christ is present in the Eucharist, not merely symbolically or metaphorically, but in a true, real and substantial way.
Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ is present in the Eucharist, not merely symbolically or metaphorically, but in a true, real and substantial way.
The Council of Trent, held 1545–1563 in reaction to the Protestant Reformation and initiating the Catholic Counter-Reformation, promulgated the view of the presence of Christ in the Eucharist as true, real, and substantial, and declared that, "by the consecration of the bread and of the wine, a conversion is made of the whole substance of the bread into the substance (substantia) of the body of Christ our Lord, and of the whole substance of the wine into the substance of His blood; which conversion is, by the holy Catholic Church, suitably and properly called Transubstantiation".
Teresa of Ávila
4 linksSpanish noblewoman who was called to convent life in the Catholic Church.
Spanish noblewoman who was called to convent life in the Catholic Church.
A Carmelite nun, prominent Spanish mystic, religious reformer, author, theologian of the contemplative life and of mental prayer, she earned the rare distinction of being declared a Doctor of the Church.
Milan
3 linksCity in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome.
City in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome.
The Counter-Reformation in the 16th to 17th centuries was also the period of Spanish domination and was marked by two powerful figures: Saint Charles Borromeo and his cousin, Cardinal Federico Borromeo.
Sola fide
4 linksSoteriological doctrine in Christian theology commonly held to distinguish the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Protestantism, among others, from the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian churches.
Soteriological doctrine in Christian theology commonly held to distinguish the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Protestantism, among others, from the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian churches.
Discussion in the centuries since the Reformation and in some ways liberalising Counter-Reformation has suggested that the differences are in emphasis and concepts rather than doctrine, since Catholic and Orthodox Christians concede works are not the basis of justification nor relatedly salvation, and most Protestants accept the need for repentance and the primacy of grace (see and below).
Spanish Inquisition
2 linksEstablished in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.
Established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.
As one manifestation of the Counter-Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition worked actively to impede the diffusion of heretical ideas in Spain by producing "Indexes" of prohibited books.
Calvinism
5 linksMajor branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.
Major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.
It was influential in France, Lithuania and Poland before being mostly erased during the Counter Reformation.
Second Vatican Council
4 linksThe 21st ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church.
The 21st ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church.
The council brought a definitive end to the Counter-Reformation and, in a spirit of aggiornamento, reached back "behind St. Thomas himself and the Fathers, to the biblical theology which governs the first two chapters of the Constitution on the Church."
Ignatius of Loyola
4 linksSpanish Catholic priest and theologian, who, with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, founded the religious order of the Society of Jesus (The Jesuits), and became its first Superior General, in Paris in 1541.
Spanish Catholic priest and theologian, who, with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, founded the religious order of the Society of Jesus (The Jesuits), and became its first Superior General, in Paris in 1541.
Jesuits were instrumental in leading the Counter-Reformation.
Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg
2 linksArchbishop-Elector of Cologne.
Archbishop-Elector of Cologne.
His loss of the Electorate strengthened the Catholic counter reformation in the northern German states, gave the Jesuits a stronghold in Cologne, and expanded the Wittelsbach family influence in imperial politics.
Seminary
0 linksEducational institution for educating students in scripture, theology, generally to prepare them for ordination to serve as clergy, in academics, or mostly in Christian ministry.
Educational institution for educating students in scripture, theology, generally to prepare them for ordination to serve as clergy, in academics, or mostly in Christian ministry.
The establishment of modern seminaries resulted from Roman Catholic reforms of the Counter-Reformation after the Council of Trent.