A report on Counter-Reformation

A copy of the Sixtine Vulgate, the Latin edition of the Catholic Bible printed in 1590 after many of the Council of Trent's reforms had begun to take place in Catholic worship
Confutatio Augustana (left) and Confessio Augustana (right) being presented to Charles V
A session of the Council of Trent, from an engraving
This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.
Anabaptist Dirk Willems rescues his pursuer and is subsequently burned at the stake in 1569.
Peter Paul Rubens was the great Flemish artist of the Counter-Reformation. He painted Adoration of the Magi in 1624.
Matanzas Inlet, Florida, where the survivors were killed
Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)
End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)
Johann Michael Rottmayr (1729): The Catholic faith defeats Protestant heresies; part of a fresco inside Karlskirche in Vienna

The period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, also known as the Protestant Revolution.

- Counter-Reformation

92 related topics with Alpha

Overall

Charles IX by an unknown artist, Nationalmuseum

Charles IX of Sweden

1 links

Charles IX, also Carl (Karl IX; 4 October 1550 – 30 October 1611), reigned as King of Sweden from 1604 until his death.

Charles IX, also Carl (Karl IX; 4 October 1550 – 30 October 1611), reigned as King of Sweden from 1604 until his death.

Charles IX by an unknown artist, Nationalmuseum
Duke Charles (as he then was called) in 1596 by H. Nützel
Duke Karl Insulting the Corpse of Klaus Fleming (Painting by Albert Edelfelt, 1878, Fleming's wife Ebba Stenbock on the right)
Painting from the Nationalmuseum
Charles in Gripsholm Castle
Charles IX with Christina, 17th century

His reign marked the start of the final chapter (dated 1648 by some) both of the Reformation and of the Counter-Reformation.

Front page of the edict.

Patent of Toleration

1 links

Edict of toleration issued on 13 October 1781 by the Habsburg emperor Joseph II.

Edict of toleration issued on 13 October 1781 by the Habsburg emperor Joseph II.

Front page of the edict.

For the first time after the Counter-Reformation, the Patent guaranteed the practice of religion by the Evangelical Lutheran and the Reformed Church in Austria.

Emperor Ferdinand II in 1614

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

5 links

Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1619 until his death in 1637.

Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1619 until his death in 1637.

Emperor Ferdinand II in 1614
Portrait of Ferdinand in his twenties, c.1598–1605
Graz in the mid-17th-century
The meeting of Emperor Rudolph II and his brother, Archduke Matthias near Prague in 1608
Coronation of Ferdinand II as king of Bohemia in 1617.
Nehaj Fortress held by the Uskoks. It is located on the Dalmatian coast near Senj.
Religious situation in the Holy Roman Empire at the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in 1618
The Battle of White Mountain (1620) in Bohemia was one of the decisive battles of the Thirty Years' War that ultimately led to the forced conversion of the Bohemian population back to Roman Catholicism
The execution of 27 Bohemian noblemen and burghers in Prague
Eleonora Gonzaga in her wedding dress, by Justus Sustermans, 1621/22. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
Ferdinand's Reformationspatent ordered every Protestant preacher and teacher in Upper Austria to be inducted into a special registry in 1624.
Ferdinand II, 1626
Ferdinand II, 1635 (two years before his death)
Maria Anna of Bavaria
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and his second wife, Eleonora Gonzaga, Princess of Mantua. Even though they had no children, their marriage was perceived to be a "happy" one.
Coat of arms of Ferdinand II

Ferdinand regarded the regulation of religious issues as a royal prerogative and introduced strict Counter-Reformation measures from 1598.

Pendant in the form of a siren, made of a baroque pearl (the torso) with enameled gold mounts set with rubies, probably circa 1860, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City, New York)

Baroque

3 links

Style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1740s.

Style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1740s.

Pendant in the form of a siren, made of a baroque pearl (the torso) with enameled gold mounts set with rubies, probably circa 1860, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City, New York)
Quadratura or trompe-l'œil ceiling of the Church of the Gesù from Rome, by Giovanni Battista Gaulli, from 1673 to 1678
Las Meninas; by Diego Velázquez; 1656; oil on canvas; 3.18 cm × 2.76 m; Museo del Prado (Madrid, Spain)
Example of Bolivian painting (part of the Cusco School): an Arquebusier Angel; by Master of Calamarca; 17th century
Antonio Vivaldi, (1678–1741)
Set design for Andromedé by Pierre Corneille, (1650)
Design for a theater set created by Giacomo Torelli for the ballet Les Noces de Thétis, from Décorations et machines aprestées aux nopces de Tétis, Ballet Royal
Santa Maria della Salute (Venice), 1631–1687, by Baldassare Longhena{{sfn|Hodge|2019|p=29}}
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (Rome), 1638–1677, by Francesco Borromini{{sfn|Jones|2014|p=226}}
Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (Rome), 1648–1651, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=213}}
St. Peter's Square (Rome), 1656–1667, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=211}}
Santa Maria della Pace (Rome), 1656–1667, by Pietro da Cortona{{sfn|Hopkins|2014|p=73}}
Palacio de San Telmo (Seville, Spain), 1682–1796, by Leonardo de Figueroa
Vestry of the Granada Charterhouse (Granada, Spain), 1727–1764, by Narciso Tomé{{sfn|Hopkins|2014|p=82}}
Façade of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), 1738, by Fernando de Casas Novoa{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=12}}
Poznań Fara (Poznań, Poland) 1651–1732, by Bartłomiej Nataniel Wąsowski, Giovanni Catenazzi, Pompeo Ferrari
Plague Column (Vienna, Austria), 1682 and 1694, by Matthias Rauchmiller and Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach{{sfn|Bailey|2012|p=216}}
Church of Saint Nicholas (Prague, Czech Republic), 1703–1711, by Christoph Dientzenhofer{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=188}}
Upper Belvedere (Vienna), 1717–1723, by Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt{{sfn|Hopkins|2014|p=77}}
Rogalin Palace (Rogalin, Poland), 1768–1774{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=231}}
Château de Maisons (France), by François Mansart, 1630–1651{{sfn|Hopkins|2014|p=85}}
East front of the Louvre (Paris), 1665–1680, by Claude Perrault and Louis Le Vau{{sfn|Hopkins|2014|p=86}}
Chapel of the Palace of Versailles (Versailles, France), 1696–1710<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Henry|title=Le Style Louis XIV|date=1927|publisher=Flammarion|isbn=|page=39|url=|language=fr}}</ref>
Porte Saint-Denis (Paris), 1672, by François Blondel<ref>{{cite book|last1=Larbodière|first1=Jean-Marc|title=L'Architecture de Paris des Origins à Aujourd'hui|date=2015|publisher=Massin|isbn=978-2-7072-0915-3|page=73|url=|language=fr}}</ref>
Dôme des Invalides (Paris), 1677–1706, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=238}}
Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles, 1678-1684<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Henry|title=Le Style Louis XIV|date=1927|publisher=Flammarion|isbn=|page=31|url=|language=fr}}</ref>
Garden façade of the Palace of Versailles, 1678–1688, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Henry|title=Le Style Louis XIV|date=1927|publisher=Flammarion|isbn=|page=21|url=|language=fr}}</ref>
The Marble Court of the Palace of Versailles, 1680<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Henry|title=Le Style Louis XIV|date=1927|publisher=Flammarion|isbn=|page=18|url=|language=fr}}</ref>
Place Vendôme (Paris), 1699–1706, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Henry|title=Le Style Louis XIV|date=1927|publisher=Flammarion|isbn=|page=15|url=|language=fr}}</ref>
Hôtel de Rothelin-Charolais (Paris), 1700–1704, by Pierre Cailleteau<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Henry|title=Le Style Louis XIV|date=1927|publisher=Flammarion|isbn=|page=37|url=|language=fr}}</ref>
University Library (University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal), 1716-1728, by Gaspar Ferreira{{sfn|Bailey|2012|p=269}}
Palace of Mafra (Mafra, Portugal), 1717-1755, by João Frederico Ludovice{{sfn|Bailey|2012|p=245}}
Grand Staircase of the Pilgrimage Church of Bom Jesus do Monte (Braga, Portugal), {{circa}}1784, by Carlos Luís Ferreira Amarante and others{{sfn|Bailey|2012|p=246}}
Peterhof Gardens (Saint Petersburg, Russia), 1746–1758{{sfn|Bailey|2012|p=360}}
Smolny Convent (Saint Petersburg), 1748, by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli{{sfn|Bailey|2012|p=354}}
Tsarskoe Selo (Pushkin, Russia), 1749–1756, by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli{{sfn|Bailey|2012|p=358}}
Cusco Cathedral (Cusco, Peru), 1559–1654{{sfn|Hopkins|2014|p=81}}
Church of San Francisco Acatepec (San Andrés Cholula, Mexico), 17th–18th centuries
Church of San Lorenzo de Carangas (Potosí, Bolivia), mid-16th century–{{circa}}1744<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmEDDQAAQBAJ&dq=san+lorenzo+de+carangas&pg=PA169|title=A Companion to Latin American Literature and Culture|author=Sara Castro-Klaren|page=169|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New Jersey|isbn=978-1118492147|year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzKWDwAAQBAJ&dq=san+lorenzo+de+carangas&pg=PT247|title=The Rough Guide to Bolivia (Travel Guide eBook)|author=Rough Guides|publisher=Apa Publications|location=London|year=2018|isbn=978-1786719980|edition=Fifth}}</ref>
Santo Domingo Church (Santiago, Chile), 1747–1808<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiagocapital.cl/fichas/home/iglesia-de-santo-domingo/iglesias/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121200744/http://www.santiagocapital.cl/fichas/home/iglesia-de-santo-domingo/iglesias/|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2016|title=Iglesia de Santo Domingo|website=Ministry of Tourism of Chile website|language=es}}</ref>
Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco (Taxco, Mexico), 1751–1758, by Diego Durán and Cayetano Sigüenza{{sfn|Hopkins|2014|p=83}}
São Paulo (Macau, China), 1601{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=226}}
São Paulo (Diu, India), 1601{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=378}}
Saint Augustine Church (Paoay, Luzon, Philippines), begun in 1694{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=387}}
Pulpit (Basilica of Bom Jesus, Goa, India), 18th century{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=380}}
Resurrection of Christ; by Annibale Carracci; 1593; oil on canvas; 217 x 160 cm; Louvre{{sfn|Hodge|2017|p=23}}
Triumph of Bacchus and Adriane (part of The Loves of the Gods); by Annibale Carracci; {{circa}}1597–1600; fresco; length (gallery): 20.2 m; Palazzo Farnese (Rome){{sfn|Fortenberry|2017|p=246}}
The Calling of St Matthew; by Caravaggio; {{circa}}1602–1604; oil on canvas; 3 x 2 m; San Luigi dei Francesi (Rome){{sfn|Fortenberry|2017|p=244}}
Self-portrait with Isabella Brant; by Peter Paul Rubens; {{circa}}1609-1610; oil on canvas; 1.78 x 1.37 m; Alte Pinakothek (Munich, Germany){{sfn|Fortenberry|2017|p=251}}
The Four Continents; by Peter Paul Rubens; {{circa}}1615; oil on canvas; 209 x 284 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)
The Rape of the Sabine Women; by Nicolas Poussin; 1634–1635; oil on canvas; 1.55 × 2.1 m; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City){{sfn|Fortenberry|2017|p=243}}
The Night Watch; by Rembrandt; 1642; oil on canvas; 3.63 × 4.37 m; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands){{sfn|Fortenberry|2017|p=256}}
The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba; by Claude Lorrain; 1648; oil on canvas; 149.1 × 196.7 cm; National Gallery (London)
The Triumph of Bacchus; by Michaelina Wautier; before 1659; oil on canvas; 270 x 354 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morrill|first1=Rebecca|title=Great Women Artists|date=2019|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=978-0-7148-7877-5|page=425|url=|language=en}}</ref>
Vanitas Still Life; by Maria van Oosterwijck; 1668; oil on canvas; 73 x 88.5 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morrill|first1=Rebecca|title=Great Women Artists|date=2019|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=978-0-7148-7877-5|page=304|url=|language=en}}</ref>
Saint Veronica; by Francesco Mochi; 1629–1639; Carrara marble; height: 5 m; St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City)
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa; by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1647–1652; marble; height: 3.5 m; Santa Maria della Vittoria (Rome){{sfn|Fortenberry|2017|p=252}}
The King's Fame Riding Pegasus; by Antoine Coysevox; 1698-1702; Carrara marble; height: 3.15 m; Louvre<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010092011|title=La Renommée à cheval sur Pégase|website=collections.louvre.fr| year=1698 |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>
Venus Giving Arms to Aeneas; by Jean Cornu; 1704; terracotta and painted wood; height: 108 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
The Death of Adonis; by Giuseppe Mazzuoli; 1710s; marble; height: 193 cm; Hermitage Museum (Saint Petersburg, Russia)
Four-poster bed from the Château d'Effiat; {{circa}}1650; natural walnut, chiselled Genoa silk velvet and embroidered silks; 295 cm; Louvre<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jacquemart|first1=Albert|title=Decorative Art|date=2012|publisher=Parkstone|isbn=978-1-84484-899-7|page=44|url=|language=en}}</ref>
Pier table; 1685–1690; carved, gessoed, and gilded wood, with a marble top; 83.6 × 128.6 × 71.6 cm; Art Institute of Chicago (US)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/93997/pier-table|title=Pier Table|website=The Art Institute of Chicago}}</ref>
Cupboard; by André Charles Boulle; {{circa}}1700; ebony and amaranth veneering, polychrome woods, brass, tin, shell, and horn marquetry on an oak frame, gilt-bronze; 255.5 x 157.5 cm; Louvre<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jacquemart|first1=Albert|title=Decorative Art|date=2012|publisher=Parkstone|isbn=978-1-84484-899-7|page=70|url=|language=en}}</ref>
Commode; by André Charles Boulle; {{circa}}1710-1732; walnut veneered with ebony and marquetry of engraved brass and tortoiseshell, gilt-bronze mounts, antique marble top; 87.6 x 128.3 x 62.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City){{sfn|Bailey|2012|p=287}}
German slant-front desk; by Heinrich Ludwig Rohde or Ferdinand Plitzner; {{circa}}1715–1725; marquetry with maple, amaranth, mahogany, and walnut on spruce and oak; 90 × 84 × 44.5 cm; Art Institute of Chicago<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/187069/slant-front-desk|title=Slant-Front Desk|website=The Art Institute of Chicago}}</ref>
Gardens at Vaux-le-Vicomte (France), 1657-1661, by André Le Nôtre{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=328}}
Gardens of Versailles, begun in 1661, by André Le Nôtre{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=332}}
Gardens of the Het Loo Palace (the Netherlands), 1689{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=334}}
Garden of the Tessin Palace (Stockholm, Sweden), 1692-1700, by Nicodemus Tessin the Younger{{sfn|Bailey|2012|pp=336}}
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (Rome), 1638–1677, by Francesco Borromini{{sfn|Jones|2014|p=226}}
Church of São Francisco de Assis (Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais) 1765-1788

The first phase of the Counter-Reformation had imposed a severe, academic style on religious architecture, which had appealed to intellectuals but not the mass of churchgoers.

Portrait of Saint John of the Cross by
Arnold van Westerhout

John of the Cross

2 links

Spanish Catholic priest, mystic, and a Carmelite friar of converso origin.

Spanish Catholic priest, mystic, and a Carmelite friar of converso origin.

Portrait of Saint John of the Cross by
Arnold van Westerhout
Statues in Fontiveros of John of the Cross, erected in 1928 by popular subscription by the townspeople
Statues representing John of the Cross and Teresa of Ávila in Beas de Segura
Drawing of the crucifixion by John of the Cross
El Greco's landscape of Toledo depicts the priory in which John was held captive, just below the old alcázar (fort) and perched on the banks of the Tajo on high cliffs.
Saint John of the Cross' shrine and reliquary, Convent of Carmelite Friars, Segovia
Reliquary of John of the Cross in Úbeda, Spain
The Ascent of Mount Carmel, as depicted in the first edition of 1618 by Diego de Astor

He is a major figure of the Counter-Reformation in Spain, and he is one of the thirty-seven Doctors of the Church.

The Third Defenestration of Prague

Bohemian Revolt

1 links

Uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War.

Uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War.

The Third Defenestration of Prague
Contemporary painting showing the Battle of White Mountain (1620), where Pro-Habsburg forces under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly won a decisive victory.
The window (second floor) where the Second Defenestration occurred. Note the monument to the right of the castle tower.
Historical re-enactment of the Battle of White Mountain

This started re-Catholisation of the Czech lands, but also expanded the scope of the Thirty Years' War by drawing Denmark and Sweden into it.

Self-portrait, 1623, Royal Collection

Peter Paul Rubens

2 links

Flemish artist and diplomat from the Duchy of Brabant in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium).

Flemish artist and diplomat from the Duchy of Brabant in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium).

Self-portrait, 1623, Royal Collection
The garden of the Rubenshuis in Antwerp designed by Rubens
Portrait of a Young Scholar, 1597
The Fall of Phaeton, 1604, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Charles V at Mühlberg
Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria, 1606
Madonna on Floral Wreath, together with Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1619
Rubens and Isabella Brandt, the Honeysuckle Bower, c. 1609. Alte Pinakothek
Descent from the Cross, 1618. Hermitage Museum
Family of Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1613–1615. Courtauld Institute of Art
Tintoretto's Crucifixion
The Four Rivers of Paradise, c. 1615, Kunsthistorisches Museum
Portrait of Anna of Austria, Queen of France, c. 1622–1625
The Fall of Man, 1628–29. Prado, Madrid
The Feast of Venus
The Three Graces
The Feast of Venus
Farmers Returning from the Fields
Flemish Kermis
Virgin and child with saints, 1638–39
Hercules as Heroic Virtue Overcoming Discord, 1632–33
Old Woman and Boy with Candles, c. 1616/17
Repentant Magdalene and her sister Martha, c. 1620, Kunsthistorisches Museum
Equestrian portrait of the Duke of Lerma, 1603, Prado Museum
The Judgement of Paris, c. 1606 Museo del Prado
Portrait of a Young Woman with a Rosary, 1609–10, oil on wood, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum
Venus at the Mirror, 1613–14
Diana Returning from Hunt, 1615, oil on canvas, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister
The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus, c. 1617, oil on canvas, Alte Pinakothek
Portrait of King Philip IV of Spain, c. 1628–29
Portrait of Elisabeth of France. 1628, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Portrait of Ambrogio Spinola, c. 1627, National Gallery in Prague
Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, c. 1617–1628, Pollok House
Sketch for Equestrian Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, 1625, Kimbell Art Museum
Portrait of King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland, 1620s, Wawel Royal Castle National Art Collection
Landscape with the Ruins of Mount Palatine in Rome, 1615
Miracle of Saint Hubert, painted together with Jan Bruegel, 1617
Landscape with Milkmaids and Cattle, 1618
The Château Het Steen with Hunter, c. 1635–1638, National Gallery, London
Venus, Cupid, Bacchus and Ceres, 1612
Jupiter and Callisto, 1613, Museumslandschaft of Hesse in Kassel
Pythagoras Advocating Vegetarianism, 1618–1630, by Rubens and Frans Snyders, inspired by Pythagoras's speech in Ovid's Metamorphoses, Royal Collection
Perseus and Andromeda, c. 1622, Hermitage Museum
Ermit and sleeping Angelica, 1628
Perseus Liberating Andromeda, 1639–40, Museo del Prado
Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars, 1629–1630, The National Gallery, London
Bacchanalia scene with nymphs and satyrs (detail of The feast of Venus Verticordia, 1635–36) Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna
The Three Graces, 1635, Prado
Diana and her Nymphs surprised by the Fauns, c. 1639–40, Prado Museum
Venus and Adonis, 1635–1638, Metropolitan Museum of Art
King Ixion fooled by Juno, whom he wanted to seduce (Louvre Museum)
The Birth of the Milky Way, c. 1637, Prado Museum
Rubens with Hélène Fourment and their son Peter Paul, 1639, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Helena Fourment in Wedding Dress, detail, the artist's second wife, c. 1630, Alte Pinakothek
Bathsheba at the Fountain, 1635
Pastoral Scene, 1636
The Night, 1601–1603, black chalk and gouache on paper (after Michelangelo), Louvre-Lens
Man in Korean Costume, c. 1617, black chalk with touches of red chalk, J. Paul Getty Museum
Peter Paul Rubens (possibly his self-portrait), c. 1620s
Young Woman with Folded Hands, c. 1629–30, red and black chalk, heightened with white, Boijmans Van Beuningen
Study of Three Women (Psyche and her sisters), c. 1635, sanguine and ink on paper, Warsaw University Library
Study for a St. Mary Magdalen, date unknown, British Museum
Susanna and the elders, 1609–1610, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando
Jan Brueghel the Elder and Peter Paul Rubens, The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man, Mauritshuis, The Hague
Lot and his daughters, c. 1613–14
The Holy Trinity, Kunstmuseum Basel
Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg
Diana Returning from Hunt, 1615, oil on canvas, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister

His unique and immensely popular Baroque style emphasized movement, colour, and sensuality, which followed the immediate, dramatic artistic style promoted in the Counter-Reformation.

Self-portrait of Bernini, c. 1635-1638 Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

2 links

Italian sculptor and architect.

Italian sculptor and architect.

Self-portrait of Bernini, c. 1635-1638 Museo del Prado, Madrid.
Self-portrait of Bernini, c. 1623 Galleria Borghese, Rome.
Portrait of Pietro Bernini, father of Gian Lorenzo
Bust of Pope Paul V (1621–1622) by Bernini.
Baldacchino in St. Peter's Basilica
Bust of Armand, Cardinal de Richelieu (1640–1641)
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, 1651
Truth Unveiled by Time, Galleria Borghese, Rome, 1645–1652
Memorial to Maria Raggi, 1651
Bernini self-portrait, c. 1665
Bust of Louis XIV, 1665
Tomb of Gian Lorenzo Bernini in Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
The grave of Bernini in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
St. Peter's baldachin, 1624–1633
View of the piazza and colonnade in front of St. Peter's
Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi
Gian Lorenzo Bernini in 1665, painted by Giovanni Battista Gaulli
Bernini as depicted on the Banca d'Italia 50,000 lire banknote in the 1980s and 90s.
Bust of Jesus Christ by Gianlorenzo Bernini
Blessed Ludovica Albertoni, 1671-1675
Damned Soul
Blessed Soul
Bust of Antonio Cepparelli
Bust of Pope Urban VIII
Bust of Monsignor Carlo Antonio dal Pozzo
Self-portrait
Neptune and Triton
Ecstasy of St. Teresa. Terracotta Modello<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hermitage Museum|first=The State|title=Ecstasy of St. Teresa|url=https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/!ut/p/z0/Zc1Bb4IwGMbxr8IOHLf3ZbSN16ZLJmzIQqayXkjHgBW6FqFO46dXj8bjkzz5_UFCCdKqf90pr51V5rK_JKtyzlkUC0xzQV-Q58UHLcTqFSMCKcibA2UcORYxYZsMSUKuwvOUiawDOSr_-6ht66BcLaOiS95OtP9cL4Up0_fqoH-2whnT1Nf2HXxXvsC63-0kB1k765ujh3JQf3quGhviwU3DHLg2UJMPEdlTMNd7M_r91IRIyYIxGAf5TU33cAbdb63o/|url-status=live|website=Hermitage Museum}}</ref>
St. Peter's colonade
St. Peter's baldachin
Ponte St. Angelo angels
Fontana dei Quattro fiumi. Bronze.

Bernini's works are therefore often characterized as perfect expressions of the spirit of the assertive, triumphal but self-defensive Counter Reformation Roman Catholic Church.

Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam (1523) by Hans Holbein the Younger

Erasmus

4 links

Dutch philosopher and Catholic theologian who is considered one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance.

Dutch philosopher and Catholic theologian who is considered one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance.

Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam (1523) by Hans Holbein the Younger
Bust by Hildo Krop (1950) in Gouda, where Erasmus spent his youth
Portrait of Desiderius Erasmus by Albrecht Dürer, 1526, engraved in Nuremberg, Germany.
Acknowledgement page engraved and published by Johannes Froben, 1516
Erasmus by Holbein. Louvre, Paris.
Marginal drawing of Folly by Hans Holbein in the first edition of Erasmus's Praise of Folly, 1515
Epitaph for Erasmus in the Basel Minster
Statue of Erasmus in Rotterdam. It was created by Hendrick de Keyser in 1622, replacing a stone statue of 1557.
Erasmus of Rotterdam by Stefan Zweig, which has been censored by the Index Librorum Prohibitorum
180x180px
Holbein's studies of Erasmus's hands, in silverpoint and chalks, ca. 1523. (Louvre)
Enchiridion militis Christiani (1503).

Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament, which raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation.

Map of Members of the Holy League



Members of the Holy League:
• Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

• Habsburg Empire

• Venetian Republic

• Tsardom of Russia

Holy League (1684)

0 links

Alliance of European nations formed during the Great Turkish War.

Alliance of European nations formed during the Great Turkish War.

Map of Members of the Holy League



Members of the Holy League:
• Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

• Habsburg Empire

• Venetian Republic

• Tsardom of Russia
A bronze coin minted to commemorate the formation of the Holy League.
The signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz, which marked the end of the Holy League.
Territory ceded to the Holy League by 1699.

This counter-reformation movement saw the population of Hungary grow increasingly disillusioned with the Habsburg rule.