A report on Counter-Reformation

A copy of the Sixtine Vulgate, the Latin edition of the Catholic Bible printed in 1590 after many of the Council of Trent's reforms had begun to take place in Catholic worship
Confutatio Augustana (left) and Confessio Augustana (right) being presented to Charles V
A session of the Council of Trent, from an engraving
This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.
Anabaptist Dirk Willems rescues his pursuer and is subsequently burned at the stake in 1569.
Peter Paul Rubens was the great Flemish artist of the Counter-Reformation. He painted Adoration of the Magi in 1624.
Matanzas Inlet, Florida, where the survivors were killed
Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)
End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)
Johann Michael Rottmayr (1729): The Catholic faith defeats Protestant heresies; part of a fresco inside Karlskirche in Vienna

The period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, also known as the Protestant Revolution.

- Counter-Reformation

92 related topics with Alpha

Overall

Portrait by Hans von Aachen

Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor

1 links

Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608).

Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608).

Portrait by Hans von Aachen
Archduke Rudolf, aged 15, painted by Alonso Sánchez Coello.
A portrait bust of Rudolf II in the collection of the Antwerp City Hall, Belgium
Portrait of Rudolf II by Martino Rota
Engraving by Aegidius Sadeler (1603).
Portrait of Rudolf II as a young man by Martino Rota.
The Crown of Rudolf II later became the imperial crown of the Austrian Empire.
Globus cruciger, crown, and scepter of Rudolf II.
Rudolf painted as Vertumnus, Roman God of the seasons, by Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1590–91). Rudolf greatly appreciated the work.
Richly ornamented celestial globe with clockwork, made for the Kunstkammer of Rudolf II, 1579
Prague Castle in 1595 by Joris Hoefnagel.
Great coat of arms, 1605

When the papacy instigated the Counter-Reformation, using agents sent to his court, Rudolf backed those whom he thought were the most neutral in the debate, not taking a side or trying to effect restraint, thus leading to political chaos and threatening to provoke civil war.

Portrait by Pieter Soutman, c. undefined 1624

Sigismund III Vasa

3 links

Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt III Waza, Žygimantas Vaza; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632

Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt III Waza, Žygimantas Vaza; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632

Portrait by Pieter Soutman, c. undefined 1624
John III, his wife Catherine Jagiellon and young Sigismund imprisoned at Gripsholm. An 1859 painting by Józef Simmler.
Sigismund in his youth, 1585.
Chancellor Jan Zamoyski staunchly opposed the pro-Habsburg alliance.
Archduke Ernest of Austria, whose correspondence with Sigismund caused a political crisis.
Sigismund early in his reign, by court painter Martin Kober.
Charles of Sweden, Sigismund's uncle, who waged war against Sigismund and Poland for the Swedish crown.
Equestrian portrait of King Sigismund by Peter Paul Rubens
Linköping Castle where Sigismund met with Charles to discuss the future of the Swedish monarchy.
Portrait of Sigismund as a young adult by Jan Szwankowski, ca. 1590.
Dethronisation act issued on 24 June 1607.
Sigismund as supreme commander of Poland–Lithuania, dressed in hose.
Victorious Sigismund at Smolensk, by Italian-born artist Tommaso Dolabella, 1611.
Apotheosis of Sigismund following his victory over the Ottoman Empire, etching from 1629. The king's spear striking a Turk symbolizes the triumph of Catholicism and Christianity over Islam.
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in a Polish costume, 1631–1632. A lifelong enemy of Sigismund, he attempted to take Ducal Prussia and Livonia.
Portrait by Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1620s
Assassination attempt on Sigismund by Michał Piekarski in 1620.
The gateway between the Warsaw Castle and St. John's Cathedral was constructed as a precaution after the assassination attempt.
John Albert was appointed bishop at the age of nine and cardinal at the age of twenty thanks to his father's reputation.
Sigismund III on catafalque following his death.
Sigismund's Column (1644) in Warsaw is a reminder of the king's decision to transfer the capital of Poland.
Silver sarcophagus of Saint Stanislaus at Wawel Cathedral is one of several exquisite items commissioned by Sigismund III.
Alchemist Sendivogius and Sigismund III, by Jan Matejko.
Anne of Habsburg was Sigismund's first consort. An introvert, she was known for her hostile attitude towards Sweden and Protestantism.
Constance of Habsburg, Anne's sister and Sigismund's second consort. A devout Catholic, she supported Sigismund in political endeavours.
False Dmitriy I takes an oath of allegiance to Sigismund III, by Nikolai Nevrev (1874)
Statue of King Sigismund III on top of Sigismund's Column in Warsaw
A 40-ducat coin depicting King Sigismund III Vasa, 1621
Mater Dolorosa painted by Sigismund in the 1620s, based on works by Gortzius Geldorp
Facade relief on the Golden House in Gdańsk
Banner used during Sigismund III Vasa's reign

He suppressed internal opposition, strengthened Catholic influence and granted privileges to the Jesuits, whom he employed as advisors and spies during the Counter-Reformation.

Sixtus V depicted in an anonymous 17th century painting, exhibited in the Albi Cathedral

Pope Sixtus V

3 links

Head of the Catholic Church from 24 April 1585 to his death.

Head of the Catholic Church from 24 April 1585 to his death.

Sixtus V depicted in an anonymous 17th century painting, exhibited in the Albi Cathedral
Portrait of Sixtus V in the Vatican Museums.
Sixtus V in an engraving of Pietro Facchetti (1585)

He is recognized as a significant figure of the Counter-Reformation.

King Frederick William I of Prussia welcomes the Salzburg Protestants, 19th century painting

Salzburg Protestants

0 links

The Salzburg Protestants (Salzburger Exulanten) were Protestant refugees who had lived in the Catholic Archbishopric of Salzburg until the 18th century.

The Salzburg Protestants (Salzburger Exulanten) were Protestant refugees who had lived in the Catholic Archbishopric of Salzburg until the 18th century.

King Frederick William I of Prussia welcomes the Salzburg Protestants, 19th century painting
Salzburg Protestant Church, Gusev
King Friedrich Wilhelm I welcoming the Salzburgers to Prussia

Counter-Reformation measures were already taken by Wellenburg himself, but also by his successors, such as Wolf Dietrich Raitenau and Mark Sittich von Hohenems.

8th-century Vulgate (Codex Sangallensis 63) with the Comma Johanneum at the bottom margin

Vulgate

2 links

Late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible.

Late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible.

8th-century Vulgate (Codex Sangallensis 63) with the Comma Johanneum at the bottom margin
Saint Jerome in His Study, by Domenico Ghirlandaio.
First page of the first volume of the Gutenberg Bible: the epistle of St Jerome to Paulinus from the University of Texas copy. The page has 40 lines.
A page from the Codex Amiatinus.
276x276px
278x278px
242x242px

After the Reformation, when the Catholic Church strove to counter Protestantism and refute its doctrines, the Vulgate was declared at the Council of Trent to "be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; and that no one is to dare, or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever."

Flint knives discovered in Belgian caves

History of Belgium

0 links

Intertwined with those of its neighbors: the Netherlands, Germany, France and Luxembourg.

Intertwined with those of its neighbors: the Netherlands, Germany, France and Luxembourg.

Flint knives discovered in Belgian caves
The Roman province of Gallia Belgica in around 120 AD
Surviving Roman city walls in Tongeren, the former city of Atuatuca Tongrorum
Saint Servatius, bishop of Tongeren and one of the first known Christian figures in the region. 16th century reliquary.
Southern part of the Low Countries with bishopry towns and abbeys c. 7th century. Abbeys were the onset to larger villages and even some towns to reshape the landscape.
14th-century illustration of the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302 where forces from the County of Flanders defeated their nominal overlords of the Kingdom of France.
Massacre of the French in Bruges by Flemish militia during the Franco-Flemish War
The Seventeen Provinces, and the See of Liège in green
French soldiers fight at Fleurus in Belgium during the Revolutionary Wars, 1794
Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, Egide Charles Gustave Wappers (1834), in the Musée d'Art Ancien, Brussels
Painting of steel production in Ougrée by the celebrated 19th century artist Constantin Meunier
The first Belgian-produced steam locomotive, "The Belgian" ("Le Belge") built in 1835
Commemorative Medal awarded to Belgian soldiers who had served during the Franco-Prussian War.
The "Fusilade of Mons" during the 1893 strike as the Borains are fired on by the Garde Civique during the protests for universal suffrage.
The Cinquantenaire Arch, built in 1905
A 1906 British Punch cartoon depicting Leopold II as a rubber vine entangling a Congolese man
Equestrian statue of Leopold II in Brussels
A Belgian machine gunner at the front lines in 1918, firing a Chauchat machine gun.
Cartoon of "The Rape of Belgium" showing giant hairy fist with Prussian eagle grasping maiden in flowing robes.
Poster for the 1920 Summer Olympics, held at Antwerp
A historic street in Belgium
German soldiers examine an abandoned Belgian T13 Tank, 1940
Belgian-Congolese Force Publique soldiers, 1943
The gallow at Breendonk Concentration Camp, near Mechelen
The flag of the francophone pro-Nazi Rexist party
Map showing the area of West Germany occupied by Belgian forces after the Second World War, known as FBA-BSD
Paul-Henri Spaak, three-times Prime Minister and author of the Spaak Report, was a staunch believer in international bodies, including the ECSC and EEC
Belgian soldier taking cover by the corpses of dead hostages, November 1964 in Stanleyville during Operation Dragon Rouge
Walloon workers demonstration in Brussels in the winter of 1960
The flag of Flanders incorporating the Flemish lion, also used by the Flemish Movement.
Map showing the division of Brabant into Flemish Brabant (yellow), Walloon Brabant (red) and the Brussels-Capital Region (orange) in 1995
Site of the massacre of Belgian UN personnel in Kigali, Rwanda.
Belgian F-16 conducts a combat patrol over Afghanistan, 2008
Elio Di Rupo, the Prime Minister of Belgium from 2011 until 2014
thumb|The Sack of Antwerp in 1576, in which 17,000 people died.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires: the History of Corpse Medicine from the Renaissance to the Victorians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqagh4PLTxQC&pg=PT198|last=Sugg|first=Richard|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2012|isbn=9781136577369}}</ref>
Siege and capture of Tournai, 1581. Cannons firing. Town with fortifications, gate and churches. Transport of cannons on their carriages. Clouds of smoke. Explosion.
The Siege of Maastricht (1579) by an anonymous painter
The Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600)
Map showing the division of Brabant into Flemish Brabant (yellow), Walloon Brabant (red) and the Brussels-Capital Region (orange) in 1995

They became the mobilising forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the South, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of Belgium.

Slovenia

2 links

Country in Central Europe.

Country in Central Europe.

Roman Emona's south wall (reconstruction) in present-day Ljubljana
The Prince's Stone, symbol of the Duchy of Carantania
A depiction of an ancient democratic ritual of Slovene-speaking tribes, which took place on the Prince's Stone in Slovene until 1414
The Ottoman army battling the Habsburgs in present-day Slovenia during the Great Turkish War
The Battles of the Isonzo took place mostly in rugged mountainous areas above the Soča River.
The proclamation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs at Congress Square in Ljubljana on 20 October 1918
The map showing the present territory of Slovenia, with traditional regional boundaries; the Slovene-speaking areas annexed by Italy after WWI are shown in stripes
Partisans fighting for Trieste and Primorje region, 1945
Adolf Hitler and Martin Bormann visiting Maribor in April 1941
Josip Broz Tito and Edvard Kardelj (left) in Dražgoše, Slovenia, 1977.
Slovenian Territorial Defense Units counterattacking the Yugoslav National Army tank who entered Slovenia during the Ten-Day War, 1991
A topographic map of Slovenia
Mount Mangart, in the Julian Alps, is the third-highest peak in Slovenia, after Triglav and Škrlatica.
Solution runnels (also known as rillenkarren) are a karst feature on the Karst Plateau, as in many other karst areas of the world.
Slovenian coast with cliffs
Climate types of Slovenia 1970–2000 and climographs for selected settlements.
Lake Bohinj, largest Slovenian lake, one of the two springs of the Sava River
Olm can be found in the Postojna cave and other caves in the country.
The Carniolan honey bee is native to Slovenia and is a subspecies of the western honey bee.
Modern Lipizzaner grazing
The Government Building and President's Office in Ljubljana
President Borut Pahor
Eurocopter Cougar of the Slovenian Army
Statistical regions: 1. Gorizia, 2. Upper Carniola, 3. Carinthia, 4. Drava, 5. Mura, 6. Central Slovenia, 7. Central Sava, 8. Savinja, 9. Coastal–Karst, 10. Inner Carniola–Karst, 11. Southeast Slovenia, 12. Lower Sava
Since 2007 Slovenia has been part of the Eurozone (dark blue)
GDP per capita development in Slovenia
A proportional representation of Slovenia exports, 2019
Loan-deposit ratio in Slovenia by years – including the 2005–2008 Boom Period
A graphical depiction of Slovenia's product exports in 28 color-coded categories.
Postojna Cave
Old town of Piran on Slovenian coast
Lake Bled with its island
Motorways in Slovenia in August 2020
Pendolino ETR 310 tilting train of Slovenian railways in Ljubljana Central train station
The Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport is the biggest international airport in the country
Population density in Slovenia by municipality. The four main urban areas are visible: Ljubljana and Kranj (centre), Maribor (northeast) and the Slovene Istria (southwest).
Front cover of a bilingual passport in Slovene and Italian
The National Shrine Mary Help of Christians at Brezje.
University of Ljubljana administration building
University of Maribor administration building
The Sower (1907), by the Impressionist painter Ivan Grohar, became a metaphor for Slovenes and was a reflection of the transition from a rural to an urban culture.
Potica as part of traditional Slovenian Easter breakfast
The more-than-400-year-old Žametovka vine growing outside the Old Vine House in Maribor, Slovenia. To the right of the vine is a daughter vine taken from a cutting of the old vine.
France Prešeren, best-known Slovenian poet
"Zdravljica" (A Toast; part) with rejection mark from Austrian censorship (due to potential revolutionary content); the music of Zdravljica is now the Slovenian national anthem.
Folk musician Lojze Slak
The industrial group Laibach
The National Theatre in Ljubljana
The sculpture of the poet Valentin Vodnik (1758–1819) was created by Alojz Gangl in 1889 as part of Vodnik Monument, the first Slovene national monument.
Smrekar's illustration of Martin Krpan
Alpine skier Tina Maze, a double Olympic gold medalist and the overall winner of the 2012–13 World Cup season
Postojna Cave
Old town of Piran on Slovenian coast
Lake Bled with its island

Protestantism was extinguished in the Counter-Reformation implemented by the Habsburg dynasty, which controlled the region.

Discalced Augustinians

0 links

Mendicant order that branched off from the Order of Saint Augustine as a reform movement.

Mendicant order that branched off from the Order of Saint Augustine as a reform movement.

During the Counter-Reformation, there was a special interest among the Augustinian friars in the theological debates of the day, as well as a need to return to the roots of their way of life.

Molanus, a portrait destroyed by German military action in 1915

Joannes Molanus

0 links

Molanus, a portrait destroyed by German military action in 1915

Joannes Molanus (1533–1585), often cited simply as Molanus, is the Latinized name of Jan Vermeulen or Van der Meulen, an influential Counter Reformation Catholic theologian of Louvain University, where he was Professor of Theology, and Rector from 1578.

An oak figurine found in Willemstad, the Netherlands, dating from around 4500 BC. On display in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden. Height: 12.5 cm.

History of the Netherlands

0 links

History of seafaring people thriving in the lowland river delta on the North Sea in northwestern Europe.

History of seafaring people thriving in the lowland river delta on the North Sea in northwestern Europe.

An oak figurine found in Willemstad, the Netherlands, dating from around 4500 BC. On display in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden. Height: 12.5 cm.
Hunebed D27, the largest dolmen in the Netherlands, located near Borger in Drenthe.
A bronze ceremonial object (not a sword, but called the "Sword of Jutphaas"), dating from 1800 to 1500 BC and found south of Utrecht.
Location of the Elp and Hilversum cultures in the Bronze Age.
A reconstruction of an Iron Age dwelling on the Reijntjesveld near Orvelte in Drenthe.
The original curved iron sword from the Vorstengraf (Oss), Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.
Distribution of the primary Germanic groups c. 1 AD.
Throughout Dutch history, but especially during the Eighty Years' War, the Batavians have been romantically portrayed as the heroic ancestors of the Dutch people. "The Batavians Defeating the Romans on the Rhine", c. 1613, by Otto van Veen.
The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis, 1661, by Rembrandt, depicts a Batavian oath to Gaius Julius Civilis, the head of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69 AD.
Map showing roughly the distribution of Salian Franks (in green) and Ripuarian Franks (in red) at the end of the Roman period.
North Sea Periphery c. 250–500.
Map showing roughly the distribution of Franks and Frisians c. 716.
Dorestad and main traderoutes.
Expansion of the Franks from 481 to 870.
Saint Willibrord, Anglo-Saxon missionary from Northumberland, Apostle to the Frisians, first bishop of Utrecht.
An early 16th-century tapestry depicting the near baptism of Redbad, King of the Frisians, who died in 719.
Rorik of Dorestad, Viking conqueror and ruler of Friesland, a romantic 1912 depiction by Johannes H. Koekkoek.
Chapel of St Nicholas ( or Valkhofkapel) in Nijmegen, one of the oldest buildings in the Netherlands.
Dirk VI, Count of Holland, 1114–1157, and his mother Petronella visiting the work on the Egmond Abbey, Charles Rochussen, 1881. The sculpture is the Egmond Tympanum, depicting the two visitors on either side of Saint Peter.
Two wings of an altar piece, c. 1500, depicting the St Elizabeth Flood of 18–19 November 1421, with Dordrecht at the front left.
Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, 1401–1436, known to the Dutch as "Jacoba of Bavaria".
The Low Countries in the late 14th century CE.
Influential Utrecht theologian Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, 1459–1523, was an advisor to Charles; in the last year of his life he became pope as Adrian VI (1522–1523).
Desiderius Erasmus, 1466–1536, Rotterdam Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest and theologian, by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1523.
Title page of the 1637 Statenvertaling, the first Bible translated from the original Hebrew and Greek into Dutch, commissioned by the Calvinist Synod of Dort, used well into the 20th century.
Prince Maurits at the Battle of Nieuwpoort, 1600 CE, by Paulus van Hillegaert.
Leo Belgicus, a map of the low countries drawn in the shape of a lion, by Claes Jansz. Visscher (II), 1611 CE.
Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius.
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, by Rembrandt van Rijn, 1632 CE.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology.
Johannes Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring
The Dutch Classicist Mauritshuis, named after Prince Johan Maurits and built 1636–1641, was designed by Jacob van Campen and Pieter Post.
New Amsterdam in 1664 CE.
Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General of New Netherland (New York). His provincial capital, New Amsterdam, was located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan.
Dutch East India Company factory in Hugli-Chuchura, Mughal Bengal. Hendrik van Schuylenburgh, 1665
Dutch Batavia built in what is now Jakarta, by Andries Beeckman c. 1656 CE.
Eustachius De Lannoy of the Dutch East India Company surrenders to Maharaja Marthanda Varma of the Indian Kingdom of Travancore after the Battle of Colachel. (Depiction at Padmanabhapuram Palace)
Painting of an account of the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck, by Charles Bell.
De Tafelbaai by Aernout Smit, 1683.
An account of the first trekboers.
Skating fun, a traditional rural scene by 17th-century Dutch painter Hendrick Avercamp.
The Semper Augustus was the most expensive tulip sold during the short-lived bubble of 1636–1637, the tulip mania.
Dam Square in the late 17th century: painting by Gerrit Adriaenszoon Berckheyde (Gemäldegalerie, Dresden).
Johan de Witt (born 1625, died 1672), Grand Pensionary of Holland, painted between 1643 and 1700 after Jan de Baen.
"The Second Day of the Four Day Battle of 1666"
Willem III, Prince of Orange, born 1650, died 1702, reigned as William III of England from 1689 to 1702 after the Glorious Revolution.
The Inspectors of the Collegium Medicum in Amsterdam, by Cornelis Troost, 1724. This period is known as the "Periwig Era".
William IV, Prince of Orange, stadholder from 1747 to 1751 CE.
Willem V of Orange, stadholder from 1751 to 1806, and Wilhelmina of Prussia with three of their five children. From left to right: the future William I of the Netherlands, Frederick, and Frederica Louise Wilhelmina.
Battle of Dogger Bank (1781) by Thomas Luny.
Firefight on the Vaartse Rijn at Jutphaas on 9 May 1787. The pro-revolutionary Utrecht Patriots are on the right; the troops of stadholder William V, Prince of Orange on the left. (Painted by Jonas Zeuner, 1787)
Liberty tree erected in Dam Square in Amsterdam, 1795 by H. Numan.
Administrative divisions of the First French Empire in 1812, illustrating the incorporation of the Netherlands and its internal reorganisation.
Landing of the future king William I at Scheveningen on 30 November 1813 by Johan Willem Heyting (1915–1995).
The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Limburg in 1839
1, 2 and 3 United Kingdom of the Netherlands (until 1830)
1 and 2 Kingdom of the Netherlands (after 1830)
2 Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867) (in the German Confederacy after 1839 as compensation for Waals-Luxemburg)
3 and 4 Kingdom of Belgium (after 1839)
4 and 5 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (borders until 1839)
4 Province of Luxembourg (Waals-Luxemburg, to Belgium in 1839)
5 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (German Luxemburg; borders after 1839)
In blue, the borders of the German Confederation.
Fighting between Belgian rebels and the Dutch military expedition in Brussels in September 1830
Shepherdess With a Flock of Sheep by Anton Mauve (1838–1888), of the Hague School.
Peasant woman, seated, with a white hood, painted in Nuenen in December 1884 by Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890). Born in Groot-Zundert, van Gogh was a Dutch post-Impressionist painter whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art.
Street in Amsterdam in 1891 ( looking towards Muntplein).
Queen Wilhelmina, queen of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948.
Map of the Dutch East Indies showing its expansion from 1800 to 1942.
Electrified fence along the border between the Netherlands and Belgium during the First World War.
The Afsluitdijk, the dike closing off the Zuiderzee, was constructed between 1927 and 1933. Public works projects like this were one way to deal with high unemployment during the Great Depression.
Rotterdam was destroyed by German bombers on 14 May 1940. 814 people died in the Rotterdam Blitz.
Dutch civilians celebrating the arrival of I Canadian Corps troops in Utrecht after the German surrender, 7 May 1945.
Population growth 1900–2000
A town in Zuid Beveland inundated in 1953.
Protest in The Hague against the nuclear arms race between the U.S./NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1983
Arrival of the vessel Castel Felice with "Indos" (Dutch-Indonesian Eurasians) on the Lloydkade in Rotterdam, 20 May 1958.
Wim Kok served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 August 1994 until 22 July 2002.
Dutch Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende and U.S. President George W. Bush in the Oval Office on 5 June 2008.
Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte and U.S. President Donald Trump in the Oval Office on 18 July 2019.
Religion in the Netherlands in 1849.
Roman Catholicism
Protestantism (Calvinist)

His successful campaign gave the Catholics control of the lower half of the Low Countries, and was part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation.