A report on Murder and Crime

Murder in the House by Jakub Schikaneder

The spiked heads of executed criminals once adorned the gatehouse of the medieval London Bridge.

Aaron Alexis holding a shotgun during his rampage

Kang Kek Iew before the Cambodian Genocide Tribunal on July 20, 2009

A group of Thugs strangling a traveller on a highway in the early 19th century.

Religious sentiment often becomes a contributory factor of crime. In the 1819 anti-Jewish Hep-Hep riots in Würzburg, rioters attacked Jewish businesses and destroyed property.

International murder rate per 100,000 inhabitants, 2011

Lake Bodom murders in Espoo, Finland is the most famous unsolved homicide cases in Finnish criminal history. The tent is investigated immediately after the murders in 1960.

The scene of a murder in Rio de Janeiro. More than 800,000 people were murdered in Brazil between 1980 and 2004.

Intentional homicide rate per 100,000 inhabitants, 2009

The historical homicide rate in Stockholm since 1400 AD. The murder rate was very high in the Middle Ages. The rate has declined greatly: from 45/100,000 to a low of 0.6 in the 1950s. The last decades have seen the homicide rate rise slowly.

The notion that acts such as murder, rape, and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide.

- Crime

This is the crime of wrongfully and intentionally causing the death of another human being (also known as murder) after rationally considering the timing or method of doing so, in order to either increase the likelihood of success, or to evade detection or apprehension.

- Murder

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Anarchist Auguste Vaillant about to be guillotined in France in 1894

Capital punishment

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The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer, by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1883). Roman Circus Maximus.

Beheading of John the Baptist, woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld, 1860

The Death of Socrates (1787), in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

The breaking wheel was used during the Middle Ages and was still in use into the 19th century.

The burning of Jakob Rohrbach, a leader of the peasants during the German Peasants' War.

Antiporta of Dei delitti e delle pene (On Crimes and Punishments), 1766 ed.

50 Poles tried and sentenced to death by a Standgericht in retaliation for the assassination of 1 German policeman in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1944

Emperor Shomu banned the death penalty in Japan in 724.

Peter Leopold II abolished the death penalty throughout Tuscany in 1786, making it the first nation in modern history to do so.

Mother Catherine Cauchés (center) and her two daughters Guillemine Gilbert (left) and Perotine Massey (right) with her infant son burning for heresy

The Red Guard prisoners are being executed by the Whites in Varkaus, North Savonia, during the 1918 Finnish Civil War.

A sign at the Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport warns arriving travelers that drug trafficking is a capital crime in the Republic of China (photo taken in 2005)

Execution of a war criminal in Germany in 1946

A gurney at San Quentin State Prison in California formerly used for executions by lethal injection

Capital punishment was abolished in the United Kingdom in part because of the case of Timothy Evans, who was executed in 1950 after being wrongfully convicted of two murders that had in fact been committed by his landlord, John Christie. The case was considered vital in bolstering opposition, which limited the scope of the penalty in 1957 and abolished it completely, for murder, in 1965.

Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union affirms the prohibition on capital punishment in the EU

Signatories to the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR: parties in dark green, signatories in light green, non-members in grey

Abolitionist countries: 109
Abolitionist-in-law countries for all crimes except those committed under exceptional circumstances (such as crimes committed in wartime): 7
Abolitionist-in-practice countries (have not executed anyone during the past 10 years or more and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions): 25
Retentionist countries: 54

Number of abolitionist and retentionist countries by year
Number of retentionist countries
Number of abolitionist countries

A map showing U.S. states where the death penalty is authorized for certain crimes, even if not recently used. The death penalty is also authorized for certain federal and military crimes.
States with a valid death penalty statute
States without the death penalty

Same-sex intercourse illegal: Death penalty for homosexuality
Death penalty in legislation, but not applied

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a state-sanctioned practice of killing a person as a punishment for a crime.

Crimes that are punishable by death are known as capital crimes, capital offences, or capital felonies, and vary depending on the jurisdiction, but commonly include serious crimes against the person, such as murder, mass murder, aggravated cases of rape (often including child sexual abuse), terrorism, aircraft hijacking, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, along with crimes against the state such as attempting to overthrow government, treason, espionage, sedition, and piracy, among other crimes.

Life imprisonment

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Life imprisonment laws around the world:
Life imprisonment is a legal penalty
Life imprisonment is a legal penalty, but with certain restrictions
Life imprisonment is illegal
Unknown

Life imprisonment is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted people are to remain in prison for the rest of their natural lives or indefinitely until pardoned, paroled, or otherwise commuted to a fixed term.

Crimes for which, in some countries, a person could receive this sentence include murder, torture, terrorism, child abuse resulting in death, rape, espionage, treason, drug trafficking, drug possession, human trafficking, severe fraud and financial crimes, aggravated criminal damage, arson, kidnapping, burglary, and robbery, piracy, aircraft hijacking, and genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes or any three felonies in case of three-strikes law.

The Old Bailey, set on the old fortifications of the London wall, hears Crown Court trials for London. The statute of Lady Justice is meant to symbolise fairness and impartiality.

English criminal law

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An English court room in 1886, with Lord Chief Justice Coleridge presiding

William Hogarth's A Rake's Progress, depicting the world's oldest psychiatric hospital, Bethlem Hospital

Sketch of the Mignonette by Tom Dudley from R v Dudley and Stephens

The architecture of the new International Criminal Court in The Hague

English criminal law concerns offences, their prevention and the consequences, in England and Wales.

Self-induced automatism can always be a defence to crimes of specific intent (such as murder, wounding or causing grievous bodily harm with intent, theft, robbery and burglary).