A report on Crusader states

The Crusader States in 1135
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Anatolia at the beginning of the First Crusade (1097)
Godfrey of Bouillon during the siege of Jerusalem (from the 14th-century Roman de Godefroi de Bouillon)
Montréal castle
Kings Louis VIII and Conrad III meet Queen Melisende and King Baldwin III at Acre from a 13th-century codex
Saladin and Guy fight from a 13th-century manuscript of Matthew Paris's chronicle
The crusader states after Saladin's conquests and before the Third Crusade
Map of Lesser Armenia in 1200
A 13th-century manuscript of the marriage of Frederick and Isabella
Krak des Chevaliers
The feudatories of the king of Jerusalem in 1187
13th-century miniature of Baldwin II of Jerusalem granting the Al Aqsa Mosque to Hugues de Payens
Coins of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the British Museum. Left: European style Denier with Holy Sepulchre (1162–1175). Centre: Kufic gold bezant (1140–1180). Right: gold bezant with Christian symbol (1250s)
12th-century Hospitaller castle of Krak des Chevaliers in Syria

The Crusader States, also known as Outremer, were four Roman Catholic realms in the Middle East that lasted from 1098 to 1291.

- Crusader states
The Crusader States in 1135

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Kingdom of Jerusalem

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The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states in the context of the Near East in 1135.
After the successful siege of Jerusalem in 1099, Godfrey of Bouillon, leader of the First Crusade, became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states in the context of the Near East in 1135.
The funeral of Baldwin I from the book Les Passages d'outremer faits par les Français contre les Turcs depuis Charlemagne jusqu'en 1462.
Depiction of Crusaders from a 1922 edition of Petit Larousse
The Tower of David in Jerusalem as it appears today
Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus, who became a close ally of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
An idealized twelfth-century map of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
The tomb of Baldwin V on an 18th-century drawing by Elzear Horn
17th-century interpretation of Guy of Lusignan (right) being held captive by Saladin (left), clad in a traditional (Islamic) royal garment, painted by Jan Lievens.
The Near East, c. 1190, at the outset of the Third Crusade.
Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right). Nuova Cronica by Giovanni Villani (14th century).
Coronation of Maria of Montferrat and John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem and Latin Emperor of Constantinople
Krak des Chevaliers, Syria. UNESCO World Heritage Site
Crusaders coin, Acre, 1230.
Crusaders coin, Acre, circa 1230.
Crusader coins of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Left: Denier in European style with Holy Sepulchre (1162–75). Center: Kufic gold bezant (1140–80). Right: gold bezant with Christian symbol (1250s). Gold coins were first copied dinars and bore Kufic script, but after 1250 Christian symbols were added following Papal complaints (British Museum).
Main entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Melisende Psalter Folio 9v - The Harrowing of Hell

The Kingdom of Jerusalem (Regnum Hierosolymitanum; ), officially known as the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem or the Frankish Kingdom of Palestine, was a Crusader state established in the Southern Levant by Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 after the First Crusade.

14th-century miniature of the Second Crusade battle from the Estoire d'Eracles

Crusades

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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period.

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period.

14th-century miniature of the Second Crusade battle from the Estoire d'Eracles
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
Miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade (Egerton 1500, Avignon, 14thcentury)
The Crusader States in 1135
Nūr-ad-Din's victory at the Battle of Inab, 1149. Illustration from the Passages d'outremer, c. 1490.
The Near East, c. 1190, at the inception of the Third Crusade
Richard the Lionheart on his way to Jerusalem, James William Glass (1850)
Conquest of the Orthodox city of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204 (BNF Arsenal MS 5090, 15th century)
Crusaders attack the tower of Damietta during the siege of Damietta in a painting by Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen
Holy Roman Emperor FrederickII (left) meets al-Kamil (right), illumination from Giovanni Villani's Nuova Cronica (Vatican Library ms. Chigiano L VIII 296, 14thcentury).
The defeat of the Crusaders at Gaza, depicted in the Chronica majora of Matthew Paris, 13th century.
Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade
Louis IX being taken prisoner at the Battle of Fariskur (Gustave Doré)
Miniature of the Siege of Acre (1291) (Estoire d'Oultre-Mer, BNF fr. 2825, fol 361v, c. 1300)
Map of the branches of the Teutonic Order in Europe around 1300. Shaded area is sovereign territory.
Miniatures showing Pope Innocent III excommunicating, and the crusaders massacring, Cathars (BL Royal 16 G VI, fol. 374v, 14thcentury)
13th-century miniature of Baldwin II of Jerusalem granting the captured Al Aqsa Mosque to Hugues de Payns
12th-century Knights Hospitaller castle of Krak des Chevaliers in Syria, one of the first castles to use concentric fortification, i.e. concentric rings of defence that could all operate at the same time. It has two curtain walls and sits on a promontory.
William of Tyre writing his history, from a 13th-century Old French translation, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, MS 2631, f.1r

Initial successes established four Crusader states: the County of Edessa; the Principality of Antioch; the Kingdom of Jerusalem; and the County of Tripoli.

Principality of Antioch

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The Principality of Antioch in the context of the other states of the Near East in 1135 AD.
The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting.
The Principality of Antioch in the context of the other states of the Near East in 1135 AD.
Coat of arms of the Hauteville dynasty
Coin of the Latin Patriarch of Antioch Aymery of Limoges (1139–1193), with bust of Aimery on the obverse
A rather unusual coin in the name of Bohemond. A bust sits in profile wearing a round helmet emblazoned with a cross with a prominent nasal-guard and a mail coif covering the neck. (1163–1201)
Antioch under Byzantine protection
Coin of the Principality of Antioch, 1112–1119, Saint George on horseback.

The Principality of Antioch was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade which included parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria.

County of Tripoli

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The County of Tripoli in the context of the other states of the Near East in 1135 AD.
County of Tripoli coins: gold bezant with a text in Arabic (1270–1300), and Tripoli silver gros (1275–1287). British Museum.
The County of Tripoli in the context of the other states of the Near East in 1135 AD.
Crusader coin, County of Tripoli, circa 1230.
Crusader coin, County of Tripoli, circa 1230.

The County of Tripoli (1102–1289) was the last of the Crusader states.

Miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade (Egerton 1500, Avignon, 14th-century)

First Crusade

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The first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period.

The first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period.

Miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade (Egerton 1500, Avignon, 14th-century)
Islamic rule: Map of al-Andalus and the Iberian Christian Kingdoms c. undefined 1000
Byzantine Empire and locations of key battles with the Seljuks for the control of Anatolia in the 1070s.
Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont. Illustration from a copy of Sébastien Mamerot's Livre des Passages d'Outremer (Jean Colombe, c. 1472–75, BNF Fr. 5594)
An illustration showing the defeat of the People's Crusade, from Sébastien Mamerot's Livre des Passages d'Outre-mer (Jean Colombe, c. 1472–75, BNF Fr. 5594)
A map of the routes of the major leaders of the First Crusade
Route of the First Crusade through Asia
The leaders of the Crusade on Greek ships crossing the Bosporus, a romantic painting from the 19th century
Baldwin of Boulogne entering Edessa in 1098 (history painting by Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury, 1840)
Bohemond of Taranto Alone Mounts the Rampart of Antioch, by Gustave Doré (1871)
The Siege of Jerusalem as depicted in a medieval manuscript
Crusader graffiti in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
The Crusader states between the First and Second Crusades
A map of western Anatolia showing the routes taken by Christian armies during the Crusade of 1101
The first known mention of the Frankish conquest of Jerusalem, in an Armenian colophon written in 1099

Four Crusader states were established in the Holy Land: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Tripoli.

The expansion of the county of Edessa prior to 1131.

County of Edessa

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The expansion of the county of Edessa prior to 1131.
A political map of the Near East in 1135. Crusader states are marked with a red cross.
The expansion of the county of Edessa prior to 1131.

The County of Edessa (Latin: Comitatus Edessanus) was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century.

Map showing the routes of the crusader armies

Third Crusade

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Attempt by three European monarchs of Western Christianity (Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor) to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187.

Attempt by three European monarchs of Western Christianity (Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor) to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187.

Map showing the routes of the crusader armies
The Near East, c. 1190, at the inception of the Third Crusade
Philip II depicted arriving in Palestine, 1332–1350
Siege of Acre
Saladin's troops, French manuscript, 1337
The Levant in 1200, after the Third and German (1197) Crusades

Saladin ultimately brought both the Egyptian and Syrian forces under his own control, and employed them to reduce the Crusader states and to recapture Jerusalem in 1187.

A dirham coin depicting Saladin, c. 1189

Saladin

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Sunni Muslim Kurd who became the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria, and was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

Sunni Muslim Kurd who became the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria, and was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

A dirham coin depicting Saladin, c. 1189
Saladin's battles in Egypt
Coinage of Saladin, Naṣībīn mint, dated AH 578 (AD 1182/3).
19th-century depiction of a victorious Saladin, by Gustave Doré
Saladin ended his siege of the Ismaili ("Assassins") fortress of Masyaf, which was commanded by Rashid ad-Din Sinan, under uncertain circumstances in August 1176.
Saladin assured the protection of caravan routes that allowed travel to distant lands.
The battlefield at Jacob's Ford, looking from the west bank to the east bank of the River Jordan
Isometric laser scan data image of the Bab al-Barqiyya Gate in the 12th century Ayyubid Wall. This fortified gate was constructed with interlocking volumes that surrounded the entrant in such a way as to provide greater security and control than typical city wall gates.
Saladin's troops, French manuscript, 1337
Sculpture of Saladin in the Egyptian Military museum in Cairo
Saladin and Guy of Lusignan after the Battle of Hattin
The elite garrison of Saladin's armies during the Siege of Acre
Saladin's tomb, near the northwest corner of the Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.
Saladin's sarcophagus within the tomb building.
Saladinus, by Cristofano dell'Altissimo, ante 1568
The Eagle of Saladin in the Egyptian coat of arms
The Eagle of Saladin in the coat of arms of the Kurdistan Regional Government

Saladin led the Muslim military campaign against the Crusader states in the Levant.

Baldwin's coronation, as illustrated in a 13th-century text (Bibliothèque nationale de France)

Baldwin I of Jerusalem

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The first count of Edessa from 1098 to 1100, and king of Jerusalem from 1100 to his death.

The first count of Edessa from 1098 to 1100, and king of Jerusalem from 1100 to his death.

Baldwin's coronation, as illustrated in a 13th-century text (Bibliothèque nationale de France)
A 13th century illustration of Ida of Lorraine bidding farewell to her sons as they depart for the First Crusade (Bibliothèque nationale de France)
Baldwin receiving the homage of the Armenians in Edessa.
The expansion of the County of Edessa from 1098 to 1131 (the territory conquered by Baldwin is depicted with the darkest color)
Battle of Nahr al-Kalb
The third battle of Ramla (in 1105)
Mount Pilgrim at Tripoli
Montreal Castle (at Shoubak in Jordan)
Funeral of Baldwin I

Taking advantage of a riot against Thoros, Baldwin seized the town and established the first Crusader state on 10March 1098.

Mamluk Sultanate

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State that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz (western Arabia) in the mid-13th–early 16th centuries.

State that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz (western Arabia) in the mid-13th–early 16th centuries.

Extent of the Mamluk Sultanate under Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad
Four horsemen taking part in a contest. From 'Manual on the Arts of Horsemanship' by al-Aqsara'i. Cairo, 1366. Chester Beatty Library
Mausoleum chamber of sultan Baibars (1260-1277) in Al-Zahiriyah Library in Damascus
Enameled and gilded bottle with the scene of battle. Egypt, late 13th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art
Interior of the Mausoleum of sultan Qalawun
Interior of the Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad Mosque, featuring mihrab and minbar.
Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hassan
First pages from the Qur'an commissioned by sultan Al-Ashraf Sha'ban. This manuscript is part of the National Library of Egypt's Collection of Mamluk Qur'an Manuscripts inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register
Interior of the Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Barquq
Wikala of Al-Ghuri
Finispiece from the Qur'an copied by Ahmad ibn Kamal al-Mutatabbib in 1334. This manuscript is part of the National Library of Egypt's Collection of Mamluk Qur'an Manuscripts inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register
Mamluk-era astrolabe with Coptic numerals, dated 1282/1283. This astrolabe and other items of its kind are proof that Mamluks still used Coptic numerals and Coptic calendar for various practical and scientific purposes. Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum
Mamluk lancers, early 16th century (etching by Daniel Hopfer). British Museum
Mamluk Wool Carpet, Egypt, circa 1500-1550. Museum of Islamic Art, Doha
Baptistère de Saint Louis, basin from the reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, which from the 17th century was used as a baptismal font for French Kings. Louvre
Mosque lamp of Amir Qawsun. Metropolitan Museum of Art
Funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay (built 1470–1474), one of the finest examples of late Mamluk architecture

1290 – 1293)), they conquered the Crusader states, expanded into Makuria (Nubia), Cyrenaica, the Hejaz and southern Anatolia.