A report on Europa (moon) and Cryovolcano

Europa's trailing hemisphere in approximate natural colour. The prominent crater in the lower right is Pwyll and the darker regions are areas where Europa's primarily water ice surface has a higher mineral content. Imaged on 7 September 1996 by Galileo spacecraft.

Doom Mons, one of the most reliably identified cryovolcanoes on Saturn's moon Titan

Animation of the Laplace resonance of Io, Europa and Ganymede (conjunctions are highlighted by color changes)

Plumes of Enceladus, feeding Saturn's E Ring, seem to arise from the "Tiger Stripes" near the south pole.

Size comparison of Europa (lower left) with the Moon (top left) and Earth (right)

Approximate natural color (left) and enhanced color (right) Galileo view of leading hemisphere

Realistic-color Galileo mosaic of Europa's anti-Jovian hemisphere showing numerous lineae

$Enhanced-color view showing the intricate pattern of linear fractures on Europa's surface$

Europa - internal structure
(artwork; 25 May 2021)

Closeup views of Europa obtained on 26 September 1998; images clockwise from upper left show locations from north to south as indicated at lower left.

Water plumes on Europa detected by the Galileo space probe

Photo composite of suspected water plumes on Europa

Magnetic field around Europa. The red line shows a trajectory of the Galileo spacecraft during a typical flyby (E4 or E14).

A black smoker in the Atlantic Ocean. Driven by geothermal energy, this and other types of hydrothermal vents create chemical disequilibria that can provide energy sources for life.

Europa – possible effect of radiation on biosignature chemicals

A number of features have been identified as possible cryovolcanoes on Pluto, Titan and Ceres, and a subset of domes on Europa may have cryovolcanic origins.

- Cryovolcano

Impurities in the water ice crust of Europa are presumed both to emerge from the interior as cryovolcanic events that resurface the body, and to accumulate from space as interplanetary dust.

- Europa (moon)

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View of trailing hemisphere in natural color

Enceladus

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Sixth-largest moon of Saturn .

Voyager 2 view of Enceladus in 1981: Samarkand Sulci vertical grooves (lower center); Ali Baba and Aladdin craters (upper left)

Enceladus's orbit (red) – Saturn's north pole view

Possible origins of methane found in plumes

Eruptions on Enceladus look like discrete jets, but may be "curtain eruptions" instead
( video animation)

$South polar view of the anti-Saturn hemisphere, with fractured areas in blue (false color)$

Enceladus – tilted terminator – north is up

Enceladus – possibility of fresh ice detected (September 18, 2020)

Enceladus – Infrared map view (September 29, 2020)

$View of Enceladus's Europa-like surface with the Labtayt Sulci fractures at center and the Ebony and Cufa dorsa at lower left, imaged by Cassini on February 17, 2005$

Y-shaped discontinuities, imaged February 15, 2016

One possible scheme for Enceladus's cryovolcanism

A model of the interior of Enceladus: silicate core (brown); water-ice-rich mantle (white); a proposed diapir under the south pole (noted in the mantle (yellow) and core (red))

Artist's impression of a global subsurface ocean of liquid water ([[:File:PIA20013-Enceladus-SaturnMoon-ArtistConcept-20151026.jpg|updated and better scaled version]])

Enceladus – organics on ice grains (artist concept)

Chemical composition of Enceladus's plumes

$Heat map of the south polar fractures, dubbed 'tiger stripes'$

Enceladus (artist concept; February 24, 2020)

Artist's impression of possible hydrothermal activity on Enceladus's ocean floor

Animated 3D model of the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft

Enceladus orbiting within Saturn's E ring

Enceladus geyser tendrils - comparison of images ("a";"c") with computer simulations

Enceladus south polar region - locations of most active tendril-producing geysers

Enceladus and south polar jets (April 13, 2017).

Plumes above the limb of Enceladus feeding the E ring

Size comparison of Earth, the Moon, and Enceladus

A size comparison of Enceladus against the British Isles.

Cryovolcanoes near the south pole shoot geyser-like jets of water vapor, molecular hydrogen, other volatiles, and solid material, including sodium chloride crystals and ice particles, into space, totaling about 200 kg per second.

Ridges have also been observed on Enceladus, though not nearly to the extent as those seen on Europa.

Triton (moon)

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Largest natural satellite of the planet Neptune, and was the first Neptunian moon to be discovered, on October 10, 1846, by English astronomer William Lassell.

William Lassell, the discoverer of Triton

The orbit of Triton (red) is opposite in direction and tilted −23° compared to a typical moon's orbit (green) in the plane of Neptune's equator.

The Kuiper belt (green), in the Solar System's outskirts, is where Triton is thought to have originated.

Artist's impression of Triton, showing its tenuous atmosphere just over the limb.

Clouds observed above Triton's limb by Voyager 2.

Interpretative geomorphological map of Triton

Triton's bright south polar cap above a region of cantaloupe terrain

Cantaloupe terrain viewed from 130,000 km by Voyager 2, with crosscutting Europa-like double ridges. Slidr Sulci (vertical) and Tano Sulci form the prominent "X".

Tuonela Planitia (left) and Ruach Planitia (center) are two of Triton's cryovolcanic "walled plains". The paucity of craters is evidence of extensive, relatively recent, geologic activity.

NASA illustration detailing the studies of the proposed Trident mission

Neptune (top) and Triton (bottom) three days after flyby of Voyager 2

thumb|Close up of the volcanic province of Leviathan Patera, the caldera in the center of the image. Several pit chains extend radially from the caldera to the right of the image, while the smaller of the two cryolava lakes is seen to the upper left. Just off-screen to the lower left is a fault zone aligned radially with the caldera, indicating a close connection between the tectonics and volcanology of this geologic unit.

thumb|Dark streaks across Triton's south polar cap surface, thought to be dust deposits left by eruptions of nitrogen geysers

thumb|Two large cryolava lakes on Triton, seen west of Leviathan Patera. Combined, they are nearly the size of Kraken Mare on Titan. These features are unusually crater free, indicating they are young and were recently molten.

Triton is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to be geologically active (the others being Jupiter's Io and Europa, and Saturn's Enceladus and Titan).

Intricate cryovolcanic and tectonic terrains suggest a complex geological history.