A report on Titan (moon) and Cryovolcano

Pictured in 2012 in natural color. The thick atmosphere is orange due to a dense haze.

Doom Mons, one of the most reliably identified cryovolcanoes on Saturn's moon Titan

Christiaan Huygens discovered Titan in 1655.

Plumes of Enceladus, feeding Saturn's E Ring, seem to arise from the "Tiger Stripes" near the south pole.

Titan's orbit (highlighted in red) among the other large inner moons of Saturn. The moons outside its orbit are (from the outside to the inside) Iapetus and Hyperion; those inside are Rhea, Dione, Tethys, Enceladus, and Mimas.

True-color image of layers of haze in Titan's atmosphere

Trace organic gases in Titan's atmosphere—HNC (left) and HC3N (right).

False-color Cassini radar mosaic of Titan's north polar region. Blue coloring indicates low radar reflectivity, caused by hydrocarbon seas, lakes and tributary networks filled with liquid ethane, methane and dissolved . About half of the large body at lower left, Kraken Mare, is shown. Ligeia Mare is at lower right.

Mosaic of three Huygens images of channel system on Titan

Near-infrared radiation from the Sun reflecting off Titan's hydrocarbon seas

Radar image of a 139 km-diameter impact crater on Titan's surface, showing a smooth floor, rugged rim, and possibly a central peak.

Ligeia Mare – SAR and clearer despeckled views.

Near-infrared image of Tortola Facula, thought to be a possible cryovolcano

False-color VIMS image of the possible cryovolcano Sotra Patera, combined with a 3D map based on radar data, showing 1000-meter-high peaks and a 1500-meter-deep crater.

Sand dunes in the Namib Desert on Earth (top), compared with dunes in Belet on Titan

Titan - three dust storms detected in 2009–2010.

Voyager 1 view of haze on Titan's limb (1980)

Cassini's Titan flyby radio signal studies (artist's concept)

The balloon proposed for the Titan Saturn System Mission (artistic rendition)

Global map of Titan – with IAU labels (August 2016).

A number of features have been identified as possible cryovolcanoes on Pluto, Titan and Ceres, and a subset of domes on Europa may have cryovolcanic origins.

- Cryovolcano

The geologically young surface is generally smooth, with few impact craters, although mountains and several possible cryovolcanoes have been found.

- Titan (moon)

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View of trailing hemisphere in natural color

Enceladus

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Sixth-largest moon of Saturn .

Voyager 2 view of Enceladus in 1981: Samarkand Sulci vertical grooves (lower center); Ali Baba and Aladdin craters (upper left)

Enceladus's orbit (red) – Saturn's north pole view

Possible origins of methane found in plumes

Eruptions on Enceladus look like discrete jets, but may be "curtain eruptions" instead
( video animation)

$South polar view of the anti-Saturn hemisphere, with fractured areas in blue (false color)$

Enceladus – tilted terminator – north is up

Enceladus – possibility of fresh ice detected (September 18, 2020)

Enceladus – Infrared map view (September 29, 2020)

$View of Enceladus's Europa-like surface with the Labtayt Sulci fractures at center and the Ebony and Cufa dorsa at lower left, imaged by Cassini on February 17, 2005$

Y-shaped discontinuities, imaged February 15, 2016

One possible scheme for Enceladus's cryovolcanism

A model of the interior of Enceladus: silicate core (brown); water-ice-rich mantle (white); a proposed diapir under the south pole (noted in the mantle (yellow) and core (red))

Artist's impression of a global subsurface ocean of liquid water ([[:File:PIA20013-Enceladus-SaturnMoon-ArtistConcept-20151026.jpg|updated and better scaled version]])

Enceladus – organics on ice grains (artist concept)

Chemical composition of Enceladus's plumes

$Heat map of the south polar fractures, dubbed 'tiger stripes'$

Enceladus (artist concept; February 24, 2020)

Artist's impression of possible hydrothermal activity on Enceladus's ocean floor

Animated 3D model of the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft

Enceladus orbiting within Saturn's E ring

Enceladus geyser tendrils - comparison of images ("a";"c") with computer simulations

Enceladus south polar region - locations of most active tendril-producing geysers

Enceladus and south polar jets (April 13, 2017).

Plumes above the limb of Enceladus feeding the E ring

Size comparison of Earth, the Moon, and Enceladus

A size comparison of Enceladus against the British Isles.

It is about 500 km in diameter, about a tenth of that of Saturn's largest moon, Titan.

Cryovolcanoes near the south pole shoot geyser-like jets of water vapor, molecular hydrogen, other volatiles, and solid material, including sodium chloride crystals and ice particles, into space, totaling about 200 kg per second.

Triton (moon)

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Largest natural satellite of the planet Neptune, and was the first Neptunian moon to be discovered, on October 10, 1846, by English astronomer William Lassell.

William Lassell, the discoverer of Triton

The orbit of Triton (red) is opposite in direction and tilted −23° compared to a typical moon's orbit (green) in the plane of Neptune's equator.

The Kuiper belt (green), in the Solar System's outskirts, is where Triton is thought to have originated.

Artist's impression of Triton, showing its tenuous atmosphere just over the limb.

Clouds observed above Triton's limb by Voyager 2.

Interpretative geomorphological map of Triton

Triton's bright south polar cap above a region of cantaloupe terrain

Cantaloupe terrain viewed from 130,000 km by Voyager 2, with crosscutting Europa-like double ridges. Slidr Sulci (vertical) and Tano Sulci form the prominent "X".

Tuonela Planitia (left) and Ruach Planitia (center) are two of Triton's cryovolcanic "walled plains". The paucity of craters is evidence of extensive, relatively recent, geologic activity.

NASA illustration detailing the studies of the proposed Trident mission

Neptune (top) and Triton (bottom) three days after flyby of Voyager 2

thumb|Close up of the volcanic province of Leviathan Patera, the caldera in the center of the image. Several pit chains extend radially from the caldera to the right of the image, while the smaller of the two cryolava lakes is seen to the upper left. Just off-screen to the lower left is a fault zone aligned radially with the caldera, indicating a close connection between the tectonics and volcanology of this geologic unit.

thumb|Dark streaks across Triton's south polar cap surface, thought to be dust deposits left by eruptions of nitrogen geysers

thumb|Two large cryolava lakes on Triton, seen west of Leviathan Patera. Combined, they are nearly the size of Kraken Mare on Titan. These features are unusually crater free, indicating they are young and were recently molten.

Triton is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to be geologically active (the others being Jupiter's Io and Europa, and Saturn's Enceladus and Titan).

Intricate cryovolcanic and tectonic terrains suggest a complex geological history.

Ganymede (moon)

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Largest and most massive of the Solar System's moons.

Size comparison of Earth, the Moon (top left), and Ganymede (bottom left)

Laplace resonance of Ganymede, Europa, and Io (conjunctions are highlighted by color changes)

Depiction of Ganymede centered over 45° W. longitude; dark areas are Perrine (upper) and Nicholson (lower) regiones; prominent craters are Tros (upper right) and Cisti (lower left).

Three high-resolution views of Ganymede taken by Voyager 1 near closest approach on July 9, 1979.

Tros crater, taken by Juno on 7 June 2021.

Enhanced-color Galileo spacecraft image of Ganymede's trailing hemisphere. The crater Tashmetum's prominent rays are at lower right, and the large ejecta field of Hershef at upper right. Part of dark Nicholson Regio is at lower left, bounded on its upper right by Harpagia Sulcus.

The craters Gula and Achelous (bottom), in the grooved terrain of Ganymede, with ejecta "pedestals" and ramparts.

Artist's cut-away representation of the internal structure of Ganymede. Layers drawn to scale.

Aurorae on Ganymede—auroral belt shifting may indicate a subsurface saline ocean.

A sharp boundary divides the ancient dark terrain of Nicholson Regio from the younger, finely striated bright terrain of Harpagia Sulcus.

Hubble Space Telescope image of Ganymede taken in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hubble Finds First Evidence of Water Vapour at Jupiter's Moon Ganymede|url=https://esahubble.org/news/heic2107/|access-date=August 3, 2021}}</ref>

Infrared image of Ganymede taken during the Juno flyby in July 2021. Image Credits: A. Mura -Juno/JIRAM - ASI/INAF/JPL-Caltech/SwRI

It is slightly more massive than the second most massive moon, Saturn's satellite Titan, and is more than twice as massive as the Earth's Moon.

Cryovolcanism is thought to have played only a minor role, if any.

Sotra Patera

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Global view of Titan showing the location of Sotra Patera

Sotra Patera (named after the Sotra islands in Norway) is a prominent depression on Titan, the largest moon of Saturn.

It is a possible cryovolcanic caldera 30 km across and 1.7 km deep, and is immediately to the east of the largest putative cryovolcanic mountain on Titan, the 1.45 km high Doom Mons.