A report on Cyrillic script and Greek alphabet

Example of the Cyrillic script. Excerpt from the manuscript "Bdinski Zbornik". Written in 1360.
Dipylon inscription, one of the oldest known samples of the use of the Greek alphabet, c. 740 BC
Cyrillic Script Monument in Antarctica
Early Greek alphabet on pottery in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens
View of the cave monastery near the village of Krepcha, Opaka Municipality in Bulgaria. Here is found the oldest Cyrillic inscription, dated 921.
Distribution of "green", "red" and "blue" alphabet types, after Kirchhoff.
A page from Азбука (Букварь) (ABC (Reader)), the first Russian language textbook, printed by Ivan Fyodorov in 1574. This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.
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A page from the Church Slavonic Grammar of Meletius Smotrytsky (1619)
A 16th-century edition of the New Testament (Gospel of John), printed in a renaissance typeface by Claude Garamond
Letters Ge, De, I, I kratkoye, Me, Te, Tse, Be and Ve in upright (printed) and cursive (handwritten) variants. (Top is set in Georgia font, bottom in Odessa Script.)
Theocritus Idyll 1, lines 12–14, in script with abbreviations and ligatures from a caption in an illustrated edition of Theocritus. Lodewijk Caspar Valckenaer: Carmina bucolica, Leiden 1779.
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The earliest Etruscan abecedarium, from Marsiliana d'Albegna, still almost identical with contemporaneous archaic Greek alphabets
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A page from the Codex Argenteus, a 6th-century Bible manuscript in Gothic
Alternate variants of lowercase (cursive) Cyrillic letters: Б/б, Д/д, Г/г, И/и, П/п, Т/т, Ш/ш. 
Default Russian (Eastern) forms on the left.
Alternate Bulgarian (Western) upright forms in the middle. 
Alternate Serbian/Macedonian (Southern) italic forms on the right.
See also: 
Cyrillic cursive.svg Special Cyrillics BGDPT.svg
18th-century title page of a book printed in Karamanli Turkish

With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the European Union, following the Latin and Greek alphabets.

- Cyrillic script

The Greek alphabet is the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic scripts.

- Greek alphabet
Example of the Cyrillic script. Excerpt from the manuscript "Bdinski Zbornik". Written in 1360.

9 related topics with Alpha

Overall

De chalcographiae inventione (1541, Mainz) with the 23 letters. J, U and W are missing.

Latin script

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De chalcographiae inventione (1541, Mainz) with the 23 letters. J, U and W are missing.
Jeton from Nuremberg, c. 1553
The distribution of the Latin script. The dark green areas show the countries where the Latin script is the sole main script. Light green shows countries where Latin co-exists with other scripts. Latin-script alphabets are sometimes extensively used in areas coloured grey due to the use of unofficial second languages, such as French in Algeria and English in Egypt, and to Latin transliteration of the official script, such as pinyin in China.
The letter with an acute diacritic

The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Cumaean Greek version of the Greek alphabet used by the Etruscans.

The speakers of East Slavic languages generally adopted Cyrillic along with Orthodox Christianity.

The lower-case "a" and upper-case "A" are the two case variants of the first letter in the English alphabet.

Letter case

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Distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals and smaller lowercase (or more formally minuscule) in the written representation of certain languages.

Distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals and smaller lowercase (or more formally minuscule) in the written representation of certain languages.

The lower-case "a" and upper-case "A" are the two case variants of the first letter in the English alphabet.
Ascenders (as in "h") and descenders (as in "p") make the height of lower-case letters vary.
Handwritten Cyrillic script
Adyghe Latin alphabet, used between 1927 and 1938, was based on Latin script, but did not have capital letters, being unicameral.
Alternating all-caps and headline styles at the start of a New York Times report published in November 1919. (The event reported is Arthur Eddington's test of Einstein's theory of general relativity.)
Steve Jobs's signature as seen on the inner side of the original Macintosh, using lower case cursive
Of the seven SI base-unit symbols, "A" (ampere for electric current) and "K" (kelvin for temperature), both named after people, are always written in upper case, whereas "s" (second for time), "m" (metre for length), "kg" (kilogram for mass), "cd" (candela for luminous intensity), and "mol" (mole for amount of substance) are written in lower case.

Languages that use the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, Armenian, Adlam, Warang Citi, Cherokee, Garay, Zaghawa, and Osage scripts use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity.

The Duenos inscription, dated to the 6th century BC, shows the earliest known forms of the Old Latin alphabet.

Latin alphabet

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Collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language and its extensions used to write modern languages.

Collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language and its extensions used to write modern languages.

The Duenos inscription, dated to the 6th century BC, shows the earliest known forms of the Old Latin alphabet.
The apices in this first-century inscription are very light. (There is one over the in the first line.) The vowel I is written taller rather than taking an apex. The interpuncts are comma-shaped, an elaboration of a more typical triangular shape. From the shrine of the Augustales at Herculaneum.
De chalcographiae inventione (1541, Mainz) with the 23 letters. J, U and W are missing.
Jeton from Nuremberg, c. 1553
This map shows the countries in the world that use only language(s) predominantly written in a Latin alphabet as the official (or de facto official) national language(s) in dark green. The lighter green indicates the countries that use a language predominantly written in a Latin alphabet as a co-official language at the national level.

The Latin alphabet evolved from the visually similar Etruscan alphabet, which evolved from the Cumaean Greek version of the Greek alphabet, which was itself descended from the Phoenician alphabet, which in turn derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics.

Romanian, most of whose speakers are Orthodox, was the first major language to switch from Cyrillic to Latin script, doing so in the 19th century, although Moldova only did so after the Soviet collapse.

Charles Morton's 1759 updated version of Edward Bernard's "Orbis eruditi", comparing all known alphabets as of 1689

Alphabet

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Standardized set of basic written symbols or graphemes that represent the phonemes of certain spoken languages.

Standardized set of basic written symbols or graphemes that represent the phonemes of certain spoken languages.

Charles Morton's 1759 updated version of Edward Bernard's "Orbis eruditi", comparing all known alphabets as of 1689
A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia
A specimen of Proto-Sinaitic script, one of the earliest (if not the very first) phonemic scripts
Illustration from Acta Eruditorum, 1741
Codex Zographensis in the Glagolitic alphabet from Medieval Bulgaria
Zhuyin on a cell phone
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Ge'ez Script of Ethiopia and Eritrea
A Venn diagram showing the Greek (left), Cyrillic (bottom) and Latin (right) alphabets, which share many of the same letters, although they have different pronunciations
Old Georgian alphabet inscription on monastery gate
Terracotta jar (probably inkwell) with abecedarium of the Etruscan alphabet, 630–620 BC

The first fully phonemic script, the Proto-Canaanite script, later known as the Phoenician alphabet, is considered to be the first alphabet and is the ancestor of most modern alphabets, including Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and possibly Brahmic.

Example of classic American business handwriting known as Spencerian script from 1884.

Cursive

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Any style of penmanship in which characters are written joined in a flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster, in contrast to block letters.

Any style of penmanship in which characters are written joined in a flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster, in contrast to block letters.

Example of classic American business handwriting known as Spencerian script from 1884.
Half of the National Anthem of Bangladesh, written in cursive Bengali
Example of old Roman cursive
Greek cursive script, 6th century CE
an English letter from 1894, written in Continuous Cursive
William Shakespeare's will, written in secretary hand
Cursive handwriting from the 19th-century US
D'Nealian script, a cursive alphabet, shown in lower case and upper case
The standard modern Russian Cyrillic cursive alphabet with uppercase and lowercase letters, used in school education
alt=The first verse of "Good King Wenceslas" in cursive|Looped cursive as taught in Britain in the mid-20th century
Alphabet handwriting Italian cursive 20-21st century
Semi-cursive style Calligraphy of Chinese poem by Mo Ruzheng
Classical poem in cursive script at Treasures of Ancient China exhibit
Eight cursive characters for dragon
Calligraphy of both cursive and semi-cursive by Dong Qichang
Four columns in cursive script quatrain poem, Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain. Attributed to Emperor Gaozong of Song, the tenth Chinese Emperor of the Song Dynasty
One page of the album "Thousand Character classic in formal and Cursive script" attributed to Zhi Yong
Table of 19th-century Greek cursive letter forms.
United States Declaration of Independence.
Bold running hand exemplar by English chirographer Joseph Carstairs published 1820.
A letter from Lessing to Kleist, written in Kurrent, 14 March 1758.

In the Arabic, Syriac, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets, many or all letters in a word are connected (while other must not), sometimes making a word one single complex stroke.

The Greek alphabet has had several cursive forms in the course of its development.

Transliteration

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Type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters in predictable ways, such as Greek α → a, Cyrillic д → d, Greek χ → the digraph ch, Armenian ն → n or Latin æ → ae.

Type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters in predictable ways, such as Greek α → a, Cyrillic д → d, Greek χ → the digraph ch, Armenian ն → n or Latin æ → ae.

For instance, for the Modern Greek term "Ελληνική Δημοκρατία", which is usually translated as "Hellenic Republic", the usual transliteration to Latin script is Ellēnikḗ Dēmokratía, and the name for Russia in Cyrillic script, "Россия", is usually transliterated as Rossiya.

Greek alphabet

First Bulgarian Empire, 9th century (850)

Cyrillic alphabets

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[[File:Cyrillic alphabet world distribution.svg|thumb|upright=2|Countries with widespread use of the Cyrillic script:

[[File:Cyrillic alphabet world distribution.svg|thumb|upright=2|Countries with widespread use of the Cyrillic script:

First Bulgarian Empire, 9th century (850)
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Macedonian cursive
The first lines of the Book of Matthew in Karelian using the Cyrillic script, 1820
Romanian Cyrillic alphabet
Alternate variants of lowercase Cyrillic letters: Б/б, Д/д, Г/г, И/и, П/п, Т/т, Ш/ш. 
Default Russian (Eastern) forms on the left.
Alternate Bulgarian (Western) upright forms in the middle. 
Alternate Serbian/Macedonian (Southern) italic forms on the right. 
See also: 
Cyrillic cursive.svg Special Cyrillics BGDPT.svg

Numerous Cyrillic alphabets are based on the Cyrillic script.

The last language to adopt Cyrillic was the Gagauz language, which had used Greek script before.

The Codex Zographensis is one of the oldest manuscripts in the Old Bulgarian language, dated from the late 10th or early 11th century

Bulgarian language

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South Slavic language spoken in Southeastern Europe, primarily in Bulgaria.

South Slavic language spoken in Southeastern Europe, primarily in Bulgaria.

The Codex Zographensis is one of the oldest manuscripts in the Old Bulgarian language, dated from the late 10th or early 11th century
Cyrillic
Map of the Bulgarian dialects within Bulgaria
Extent of Bulgarian dialects according to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences shown encompassing the Eastern South Slavic dialects. Subregions are differentiated by pronunciation of man and tooth.
Areas of Eastern South Slavic languages.
Bulgarian cursive alphabet

Until 1945, Bulgarian orthography did not reveal this alternation and used the original Old Slavic Cyrillic letter yat (Ѣ), which was commonly called двойно е (dvoyno e) at the time, to express the historical yat vowel or at least root vowels displaying the ya – e alternation.

With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the European Union, following the Latin and Greek scripts.

Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.

Ossetian language

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Eastern Iranian language that is spoken predominantly in Ossetia, a region situated on both sides of the Greater Caucasus.

Eastern Iranian language that is spoken predominantly in Ossetia, a region situated on both sides of the Greater Caucasus.

Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.
Ossetic text written with Georgian script, from a book on Ossetian folklore published in 1940 in South Ossetia
The first page of the first issue of the Ossetian newspaper Raštdzinâd. Sjögren's Cyrillic alphabet. 1923

The text is written in the Greek alphabet, with special digraphs.

Written Ossetian may be immediately recognized by its use of the Cyrillic letter Ae (Ӕ ӕ), a letter to be found in no other language using Cyrillic script.