Cyrillic script and Related Topics

Chinese characters (hànzì, 漢字) are morpho-syllabic. Each one represents a syllable with a distinct meaning, but some characters may have multiple meanings or pronunciations

Writing system

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Method of visually representing verbal communication, based on a script and a set of rules regulating its use.

A Specimen of typefaces and styles, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia

Comparative evolution from pictograms to abstract shapes, in Mesopotamian cuneiforms, Egyptian hieroglyphs and Chinese characters.

Table of scripts in the introduction to Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Monier Monier-Williams

This textbook for Puyi shows the English alphabet. Although the English letters run from left to right, the Chinese explanations run from top to bottom then right to left, as traditionally written

Early Chinese character for sun (ri), 1200 B.C

Modern Chinese character (ri) meaning "day" or "Sun"

A bilingual stop sign in English and the Cherokee syllabary in Tahlequah, Oklahoma

An overview of the writing directions used in the world

complete (alphabet), e.g. Greco-Latin, Cyrillic

European Union

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Political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Signing in the Jerónimos Monastery of Lisbon, Portugal

Special territories of the European Union

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Roberta Metsola serves as President of the European Parliament

European Parliament represents the second-largest democratic electorate in the world (after the Parliament of India)

The CJEU's seat, the Palais de la Cour de Justice, in Luxembourg City.

Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights affirms the "Right to life" in the EU.

Josep Borrell, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.

The EU participates in all G7 and G20 summits. (G20 summit in Osaka, Japan, 2019).

Of the 27 EU member states, 21 (shown purple) are also members of NATO. Other colours: EU only (blue) and NATO only (orange, including four NATO members that are EU applicants – Albania, Montenegro, Turkey and North Macedonia).

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Union for the Mediterranean meeting in Barcelona.

President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili, President of Moldova Maia Sandu, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy and President of the European Council Charles Michel during the 2021 Batumi International Conference. In 2014, the EU signed Association Agreements with all the three states.

The euro was introduced in 2002, replacing 12 national currencies. Seven countries have since joined.

In 2020, renewables overtook fossil fuels as the European Union's main source of electricity for the first time.

The Öresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is part of the Trans-European Networks.

European Space Agency Mission Control at ESOC in Darmstadt, Germany

Vineyards in Romania; EU farms are supported by the Common Agricultural Policy, the largest budgetary expenditure.

Biogeographic regions of the continental European Union, according to the European Environmental Agency

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European Health Insurance Card (Slovenian version pictured)

Football fans before a match (San Siro stadium in Milan)

Europa and the Bull on a Greek vase, circa 480 BC. Tarquinia National Museum, Italy

The European emblem emblazoned on the Eiffel Tower

The borders inside the Schengen Area between Germany and Austria

Europol Headquarters in The Hague, Netherlands

Eurojust Headquarters in The Hague, Netherlands

The EU participates in all G7 and G20 summits. 48th G7 summit in Schloss Elmau, Krün, Bavarian Alps, Germany, 2022.

The EU participates in all G7 and G20 summits. (G7 summit in Cornwall, United Kingdom, 2021).

Classification of regions from 2014 to 2020.
Less developed regions
Transition regions
More developed regions

Eastern Partnership Summit 2017, Brussels.

The three official alphabets of the European Union (Cyrillic, Latin, and modern Greek) all derive from the Archaic Greek scripts.

Ethnographic Map of Slavic and Baltic Languages

Belarusian language

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East Slavic language.

The first Lithuanian statute of 1529, in Ruthenian

The Bible by Francysk Skaryna in Ruthenian, 16th century

The cover of the copy of the Dictionary of the Belarusian Local Tongue by Ivan Nasovič preserved at the Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library and Museum

The Belarusian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic script, which was first used as an alphabet for the Old Church Slavonic language.

Bosnian Cyrillic

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Extinct variant of the Cyrillic alphabet that originated in medieval Bosnia.

Charter of Ban Kulin of Bosnia (12th century)

Hval's Codex, 1404, kept in the University of Bologna Library, Italy

It is hard to ascertain when the earliest features of a characteristic Bosnian type of Cyrillic script had begun to appear, but paleographers consider the Humac tablet (a tablet written in Bosnian Cyrillic) to be the first document of this type of script and is believed to date from the 10th or 11th century.

Lingua franca

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Language or dialect systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.

Areas where Russian is the majority language (medium blue) or a minority language (light blue)

Areas (red) where Hindustani (Delhlavi or Kauravi) is the native language, and the much wider area of the Indo-Aryan language group (gray), where it is lengua franca

Geographic extent of Swahili. Dark green: native range. Medium green: official use. Light green: bilingual use but not official.

Areas with significant numbers of people whose first language is Persian (including dialects)

Rough territorial extent of Hand Talk (in purple) within the US and Canada

English language distribution
Regions where English is a majority native language
Regions where English is official or widely spoken, but not as a primary native language

The Francophone World
States where French is the majority native language
States where it is an official or administrative language but not a majority native language
States where it is a minority or secondary language
States that have a local francophone minority

The Lusophone worldNative language
Official and administrative language
Cultural or secondary language
Portuguese-speaking minorities
Portuguese-based creole languages

The Glagolitic alphabet was originally used at both schools, though the Cyrillic script was developed early on at the Preslav Literary School, where it superseded Glagolitic as official in Bulgaria in 893.

Г in: Russian/Serbian normal font; Bulgarian Cyrillic; Russian/Bulgarian italic; Serbian italic

Ge (Cyrillic)

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Bohdan Khmelnytsky, ZAPOROH scensis Præfectus

Ge or Ghe (Г г; italics: Г г ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

Part of a table of letters of the alphabet for the Ruthenian language, from Ivan Uzhevych's Hrammatyka Slovenskaja (1645). Columns show the letter names printed, in manuscript Cyrillic and Latin, common Cyrillic letterforms, and the Latin transliteration. ([[:Image:Uzhevych Arras MS-7a.png|Part 2]] and [[:Image:Uzhevych Arras MS-7b.png|part 3]].)

Romanization of Ukrainian

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Representation of the Ukrainian language in Latin letters.

Czech transliteration of Ukrainian (Peremyčka, Jasiňa, U Stěpana) in Transcarpathia on the hiking fingerposts installed in 2010. However, the transliteration is not fully consistent – "Ust Corna" instead of "Usť Čorna", "Bliznica" instead of "Blyznycja" etc.

Ukrainian is natively written in its own Ukrainian alphabet, which is based on the Cyrillic script.

Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic

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Scientific transliteration, variously called academic, linguistic, international, or scholarly transliteration, is an international system for transliteration of text from the Cyrillic script to the Latin script (romanization).