A report on Dassault Mirage F1, Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and Iran–Iraq War

A Spanish Air Force Mirage F1M
Location of Iraq (green) and Kuwait (orange)
Top-left to bottom-right: Iranian child soldier on the frontlines Iranian soldier in a trench wearing a gas mask to guard against Iraqi chemical attacks Port quarter view of the USS Stark listing to port after being mistakenly struck by an Iraqi warplane Pro-Iraq MEK forces killed during Iran's Operation Mersad Iraqi prisoners of war after the recapture of Khorramshahr by Iranian forces ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft gun being used by the Iranian Army
A Spanish Air Force Mirage F1M
The Basra Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in 1897. After the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, Kuwait was established as an autonomous kaza, or district, of the Ottoman Empire and a de facto protectorate of Great Britain.
Meeting of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Houari Boumédiène and Saddam Hussein (left to right) during the Algiers Agreement in 1975.
Mirage F1 Escadron de chasse 1/5 Vendée.
April Glaspie's first meeting with Saddam Hussein
Ruhollah Khomeini rose to power after the Iranian Revolution.
Mirage F1C of EC 2/30 Normandie-Niemen at the 1975 Paris Air Show.
An Iraqi Type 69 tank on display at the site of the Al-Qurain Martyrdom
Location of Khuzestan Province in Iran which Iraq planned to annex
A pair of French Air Force Mirage F1Cs from the EC 2/30 and EC 3/30 in flight, 31 May 1986.
A Kuwait M-84 tank during Operation Desert Shield in 1990. Kuwait continues to maintain strong relations with the coalition of the Gulf War.
Iranian President Abolhassan Banisadr, who was also commander-in-chief, on a Jeep-mounted 106mm recoilless anti-tank gun. Banisadr was impeached in June 1981.
A multinational fighter formation, including, left to right, a Qatari F-1 Mirage, a French F-1C Mirage, a U.S. Air Force F-16C Fighting Falcon, a Canadian CF/A-18A Hornet and a Qatari Alpha Jet, during Operation Desert Shield
Ground troop movements from 24–28 February 1991 during Operation Desert Storm.
The Shatt al-Arab on the Iran–Iraq border
An Ecuadoran Mirage F1JA during the joint US/Ecuadoran exercise "Blue Horizon '86".
American tanks from the 3rd Armored Division during Operation Desert Storm.
Destroyed Iranian C-47 Skytrain
A Hellenic Air Force Mirage F1CG
More than 600 Kuwaiti oil wells were set on fire by retreating Iraqi forces, causing massive environmental and economic damage to Kuwait.
Iranian F-14A Tomcats equipped with AIM-54A, AIM-7 and AIM-9 missiles.
Moroccan Mirage F1CH (2007).
The oil fires caused were a result of the scorched earth policy of Iraqi military forces retreating from Kuwait
Resistance of the outnumbered and outgunned Iranians in Khorramshahr slowed the Iraqis for a month.
A formation of four Mirage F1CZs, flying over Air Force Base Ysterplaat, circa 1982
Aerial view of oil wells on fire
Iranian president Abulhassan Banisadr on the battlefront
A SAAF Mirage F1CZ performing an aerial display at Air Force Base Ysterplaat, Cape Town, circa 1982
US troops in Kuwait, 2015
Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and Massoud Rajavi, the leader of MEK and the National Resistance Council of Iran (NCRI) in 1988.
Spanish Air Force F1M at Kecskeméti Repülőnap 2010.
The surprise attack on H-3 airbase is considered to be one of the most sophisticated air operations of the war.
A Mirage F1BD, believed to be the only twin-seat aircraft of the type remaining in Libyan service at that time, 2009
Iranian soldier holding an IV bag during the Iran–Iraq War
Underside view of a SAAF Mirage F1AZ flying overhead, 2002
Iranian Northrop F-5 aircraft during Iran-Iraq war
A Mirage F1B performing a flight display at the 2008 Royal International Air Tattoo
Iraqi T-62 tank wreckage in Khuzestan Province, Iran
A Spanish Mirage F1CE at RAF Coltishall, England, 1988
Iraqi soldiers surrendering after the Liberation of Khorramshahr
A Mirage F1ED of the Libyan Air Force, August 1981
Saddam Hussein in 1982
A Jordanian Mirage F1EJ in formation with an American F-16 Fighting Falcon over Iraq, 1996
An admonitory declaration issued from the Iraqi government in order to warn Iranian troops in the Iran–Iraq War. The statement says: "Hey Iranians! No one has been downtrodden in the country where Ali ibn Abi Ṭālib, Husayn ibn Ali and Abbas ibn Ali are buried. Iraq has undoubtedly been an honorable country. All refugees are precious. Anyone who wants to live in exile can choose Iraq freely. We, the Sons of Iraq, have been ambushing foreign aggressors. The enemies who plan to assault Iraq will be disfavoured by God in this world and the hereafter. Be careful of attacking Iraq and Ali ibn Abi Ṭālib! If you surrender, you might be in peace."
A formation of four Mirage F1CRs flying over Avenue des Champs-Élysées, Paris, 2006
95,000 Iranian child soldiers were made casualties during the Iran–Iraq War, mostly between the ages of 16 and 17, with a few younger.
A French Air Force Mirage F1CR at the 2009 Royal International Air Tattoo
Furthest ground gains
A Mirage F1AZ at Air Force Base Swartkop, Gauteng, circa 1996
Iranian POWs in 1983 near Tikrit, Iraq
Aerosud Mirage F1
Iranian child soldier
Mirage F1 operators, current (blue) and former (red)
Iraqi POW who was shot by Iranian troops after they conquered the Iraqi Majnoon oil field in October 1984
Iranian Air Force Mirage F1BQ
Iranian troops fire 152 mm D-20 howitzer
Iraqi Air Force Mirage F1BQ
Battle of the Marshes Iran front 1983 rest after exchange of fire 152 mm D-20 H
Jordanian Air Force Dassault Mirage F1EJ
Operation Earnest Will: Tanker convoy No. 12 under US Navy escort (21 October 1987)
Qatari Air Force Mirage F1EDA
A map indicating the attacks on civilian areas of Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait targeted during the "War of the Cities".
Dassault Mirage F1 3-view drawings
Iraqi commanders discussing strategy on the battlefront (1986)
Thomson CSF Cyrano IV radar unit
Iranian President Ali Khamenei on the battlefront during the Iran–Iraq War
Assorted 125kg, 250kg, 500kg, and 1000kg bombs besides a Mirage F1
Operation Dawn 8 during which Iran captured the Faw Peninsula.
Iranian soldier killed during the Iran–Iraq War with Rouhollah Khomeini's photo on his uniform
The People's Mujahedin of Iran, supported by Saddam, started a ten-day operation after both the Iranian and Iraqi governments accepted UN Resolution 598. Casualty estimates range from 2,000 to 10,000.
Adnan Khairallah, Iraqi Defense Minister, meeting with Iraqi soldiers during the war
IRGC navy speedboats using swarm tactics
An Iranian soldier wearing a gas mask during the Iran–Iraq War.
The Iranian frigate IS Sahand burns after being hit by 20 U.S. air launched missiles and bombs, killing a third of the crew, April 1988
Iranian soldiers captured during Iraq's 1988 offensives
USS Vincennes in 1987 a year before it shot down Iran Air Flight 655
MEK Soldiers killed in Operation Mersad in 1988
Al-Shaheed Monument in Baghdad was erected to commemorate the fallen Iraqi soldiers during the war.
Iranian Martyr Cemetery in Isfahan
Iranian Martyrs Museum in Tehran
An Iranian soldier's funeral in Mashhad, 2013
An Iraqi Mil Mi-24 on display at the military museum of Sa'dabad Palace in Iran
President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush work in the Oval Office of the White House, 20 July 1984.
USS Stark (FFG-31) listing following two hits by Exocet missiles.
Victims of the 1987 chemical attack on Sardasht, West Azerbaijan, Iran
Damage to a mosque in Khoramshahr, Iran, the city that was invaded by Iraq in September 1980

A variety of speculations have been made regarding the true intents behind the Iraqi move, including Iraq's inability to pay Kuwait more than US$14 billion that it had borrowed from Kuwait to finance the Iran–Iraq War, and Kuwait's surge in petroleum production levels which kept revenues down for Iraq.

- Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

The type has seen action in a large number of armed conflicts involving several of its operators, including the Western Sahara War, the Paquisha War, the Cenepa War, the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War, the South African Border War, the War in Afghanistan, the Chadian–Libyan conflict, the 2011 military intervention in Libya, and the Northern Mali conflict.

- Dassault Mirage F1

The Iraqi Air Force (IQAF) had at least two squadrons of Sukhoi Su-22, one of Su-25, one of Mirage F1 and two of MiG-23 fighter-bombers.

- Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

In response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, France performed two deployments of Mirage F1s to the Persian Gulf.

- Dassault Mirage F1

In preparation for Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas, the Iranians had launched numerous air raids against Iraq air bases, destroying 47 jets (including Iraq's brand new Mirage F-1 fighter jets from France); this gave the Iranians air superiority over the battlefield while allowing them to monitor Iraqi troop movements.

- Iran–Iraq War

The Security Council did not identify Iraq as the aggressor of the war until 11 December 1991, some 11 years after Iraq invaded Iran and 16 months following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.

- Iran–Iraq War
A Spanish Air Force Mirage F1M

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A Soviet Air Force MiG-23MLD

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23

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Variable-geometry fighter aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich design bureau in the Soviet Union.

Variable-geometry fighter aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich design bureau in the Soviet Union.

A Soviet Air Force MiG-23MLD
A Soviet Air Force MiG-23MLD
A Polish MiG-23MF
MiG-23 parked.
MiG-23M "Flogger-B" armed with R-23 and R-60 missiles.
MiG-23 cockpit in high resolution
KM-1 ejection seat
MiG-23 wing-sweep mechanism
MiG-23M
MiG-23 on display in Israel after defection from Syria
Iraqi MiG-23ML
Libyan MiG-23 over Gulf of Sidra in August 1981, being followed by an F-4 just before the first Gulf of Sidra incident.
Libyan MiG-23
A Hungarian MiG-23MF in flight.
MiG-23BN used in Operation Safed Sagar
MiG-23M "Flogger-B" on display at the National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War, Kyiv
MiG-23ML 332 at the Information Centre for History and Technology, Peenemünde
Soviet MiG-23MLA "Flogger-G"
Soviet MiG-23MLD "Flogger-K"
World operators of the MiG-23 (not including evaluation-only operators)
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23MS Syrian Air Force Camo
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23UB.
Hungarian Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23MF.
An Indian MiG-23MF on display at a crossroads in Gandhinagar.
Polish Air Force MiG-23
Ukrainian MiG-23 on display at the National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War, Kyiv
MiG-23 on display at the Minsk World theme park in Shenzhen, PRC.
3-view drawing of MiG-23MF
MiG-23 monument

The MiG-23 took part in the Iran–Iraq War and was used in both air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.

Attempting to replicate the success of the Mirage F1s that shot down two F-14 Tomcats on 15 November 1981, the pilots of Iraqi MiG-23 interceptor units started trying to sneak upon the Iranian Tomcats in a similar way a few days later.

On 2 August 1990, the Iraqi Air Force supported the invasion of Kuwait with MiG-23BN and Su-22 aircraft as the main strike assets.