A report on Deity

Kobayashi Eitaku painting showing the god Izanagi (right) and Izanami, a goddess of creation and death in Japanese mythology.

Pantheists believe that the universe itself and everything in it forms a single, all-encompassing deity.

Statuette of a nude, corpulent, seated woman flanked by two felines from Çatalhöyük, dating to c. undefined 6000 BCE, thought by most archaeologists to represent a goddess of some kind.

Egyptian tomb painting showing the gods Osiris, Anubis, and Horus, who are among the major deities in ancient Egyptian religion.

A 4th century BC drachm (quarter shekel) coin from the Persian province of Yehud Medinata, possibly representing Yahweh seated on a winged and wheeled sun-throne.

The Kirkby Stephen Stone, discovered in Kirkby Stephen, England, depicts a bound figure, who some have theorized may be the Germanic god Loki.

Vellamo, the goddess of water in Finnish mythology, pictured as a mermaid in the coat of arms of Päijänne Tavastia.

4th-century Roman sarcophagus depicting the creation of man by Prometheus, with major Roman deities Jupiter, Neptune, Mercury, Juno, Apollo, Vulcan watching.

The zoomorphic feathered serpent deity (Kukulkan, Quetzalcoatl)

Deities of Polynesia carved from wood (bottom two are demons)

Holy Trinity (1756–1758) by Szymon Czechowicz, showing God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit, all of whom are revered in Christianity as a single deity.

The tetragrammaton in Phoenician (12th century BCE to 150 BCE), Paleo-Hebrew (10th century BCE to 135 CE), and square Hebrew (3rd century BCE to present) scripts.

Investiture of Sassanid emperor Shapur II (center) with Mithra (left) and Ahura Mazda (right) at Taq-e Bostan, Iran

The Greek philosopher Democritus argued that belief in deities arose when humans observed natural phenomena such as lightning and attributed such phenomena to supernatural beings.

Hypothetical supernatural being who is considered divine or sacred.

- Deity

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Mesopotamia

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Historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

Mesopotamian Marshes at night, southern Iraq; reed house (Mudhif) and narrow canoe (Mashoof) in the water. Mudhif structures have been one of the traditional types of structures, built by the Marsh people of southern Mesopotamia for at least 5,000 years. A carved elevation of a typical mudhif, dating to around 3,300 BCE was discovered at Uruk.

One of 18 Statues of Gudea, a ruler around 2090 BC

After early starts in Jarmo (red dot, circa 7500 BC), the civilization of Mesopotamia in the 7th–5th millennium BC was centered around the Hassuna culture in the north, the Halaf culture in the northwest, the Samarra culture in central Mesopotamia and the Ubaid culture in the southeast, which later expanded to encompass the whole region.

Overview map in the 15th century BC showing the core territory of Assyria with its two major cities Assur and Nineveh wedged between Babylonia downstream and the states of Mitanni and Hatti upstream.

The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian legal text composed c. 1755–1750 BC. It is the longest, best-organised, and best-preserved legal text from the ancient Near East. It is written in the Old Babylonian dialect of Akkadian, purportedly by Hammurabi, sixth king of the First Dynasty of Babylon.

Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature.

Clay tablet, mathematical, geometric-algebraic, similar to the Euclidean geometry. From Shaduppum Iraq. 2003-1595 BC. Iraq Museum.

Medical recipe concerning poisoning. Terracotta tablet, from Nippur, Iraq.

The Burney Relief, First Babylonian dynasty, around 1800 BC

King Meli-shipak I (1186–1172 BC) presents his daughter to the goddess Nannaya. The crescent moon represents the god Sin, the sun the Shamash and the star the goddess Ishtar.

The Queen's gold lyre from the Royal Cemetery at Ur. C. 2500 BCE. Iraq Museum

Royal Game of Ur, Ancient Mesopotamian board Game.

The Babylonian marriage market by the 19th-century painter Edwin Long

7th-century BC relief depicting Ashurbanipal ((r. undefined – undefined)669–631 BC) and three royal attendants in a chariot.

Campaign in the Mesopotamian Marshes of southern Babylonia during the reign of Ashurbanipal. Showing Assyrian soldiers on boat chasing enemies trying to run away; some are hiding in the reeds

The Standard of Ur; 2600 BC (the Early Dynastic Period III); shell, red limestone and lapis lazuli on wood; height: 21.7 cm, length: 50.4 cm; discovered at the Royal Cemetery at Ur (Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq)

Bronze head of an Akkadian ruler, discovered in Nineveh in 1931, presumably depicting either Sargon of Akkad or Sargon's grandson Naram-Sin.<ref>M. E. L. Mallowan, "The Bronze Head of the Akkadian Period from Nineveh", Iraq Vol. 3, No. 1 (1936), 104-110.</ref>

Striding lions from the Processional Street of Babylon.

$Lamassu, initially depicted as a goddess in Sumerian times, when it was called Lamma, it was later depicted from Assyrian times as a hybrid of a human, bird, and either a bull or lion—specifically having a human head, the body of a bull or a lion, and bird wings, under the name Lamassu.<ref name="GL109">{{cite book |last1=Leick |first1=Dr Gwendolyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pqEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |title=A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-64102-4 |pages=109–110 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Livius.org">Livius.org</ref>$

Assyrian ornaments and patterns, illustrated in a book from 1920

alt=|Detail of Nebuchadnezzar II's Building Inscription plaque of the Ishtar Gate, from Babylon

alt=|Artist's impression of a hall in an Assyrian palace from The Monuments of Nineveh by Austen Henry Layard, 1853

alt=|A Neo-Assyrian relief of Ashur as a feather robed archer holding a bow instead of a ring (9th-8th century BC)

alt=|The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. The king, surrounded by his royal attendants and a high-ranking official, receives a tribute from Sua, king of Gilzanu (north-west Iran), who bows and prostrates before the king. From Nimrud

alt=|Contemporary artwork depicting Babylon at the height of its stature.

alt=|"Winged genie", Nimrud c. 870 BC, with inscription running across his midriff.

The Ishtar gate was constructed in about 575 BCE by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II. Pergamon Museum, Berlin

A suggested reconstruction of the appearance of a Sumerian ziggurat

The Mesopotamians believed their kings and queens were descended from the City of Gods, but, unlike the ancient Egyptians, they never believed their kings were real gods.

Josiah

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The 16th king of Judah (c.

View of the inner court and House of the Temple of Solomon as depicted in a 3-D computer model

A sketch of the Temple of Solomon based on descriptions in the Tanakh.

View of the Temple of Solomon with ceiling removed as depicted in a 3-D computer model

Josiah hearing the book of the law (1873)

Death of king Josiah as illustrated by Francesco Conti

According to the later account in 2 Chronicles, Josiah destroyed altars and images of pagan deities in cities of the tribes of Manasseh, Ephraim, "and Simeon, as far as Naphtali", which were outside of his kingdom, Judah, and returned the Ark of the Covenant to the Temple.

The use of Latin in a Tridentine Catholic Mass is an example of a "restricted code".

Ritual

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Sequence of activities involving gestures, words, actions, or objects, performed according to a set sequence.

The First Thanksgiving 1621, oil on canvas by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (1863–1930). The painting shows common misconceptions about the event that persist to modern times: Pilgrims did not wear such outfits, and the Wampanoag are dressed in the style of Plains Indians.

Ritual practitioner on Inwangsan Mountain, Seoul South Korea

The "capping" ceremony is one of the principle rites of the Confucian ritual religion, alongside marriage, mourning rites, and sacrificial rituals

Aztec ritual human sacrifices, Codex Mendoza.

Hindu fire offering ritual during Durga Puja in Bangladesh

Parade through Macao, Latin City (2019). The Parade is held annually on December 20th to mark the anniversary of Macao's Handover to China

Kowtowing in a court, China, before 1889

Balinese rice terraces regulated through ritual.

Scriptorium-monk-at-work. "Monks described this labor of transcribing manuscripts as being 'like prayer and fasting, a means of correcting one's unruly passions.'"

This Lutheran pastor administers the rite of confirmation on youth confirmands after instructing them in Luther's Small Catechism.

Rituals often have a close connection with reverence, thus a ritual in many cases expresses reverence for a deity or idealized state of humanity.

Çatalhöyük

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Very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 6400 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC. In July 2012, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Calibrated Carbon 14 dates for Çatalhöyük, as of 2013.

Model of the neolithic settlement ( 7300 BC ) of Catal Höyük

On-site restoration of a typical interior.

Detail of the mural showing the hind part of the aurochs, a deer and hunters.

Mural, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.

Neolithic hunters attacking an aurochs, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.

Seated goddess flanked by two felines, lionesses

Protective roof of the archeological site.

Although a male deity existed as well, "statues of a female deity far outnumber those of the male deity, who moreover, does not appear to be represented at all after Level VI".

A solar representation on an anthropomorphic stele dated from the time period between the Copper Age and the Early Bronze Age, discovered during an archaeological excavation on the Rocher des Doms, Avignon.

Solar deity

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Sky deity who represents the Sun, or an aspect of it.

Ra, ancient Egyptian god of the sun and king of the gods

The warrior goddess Sekhmet, shown with her sun disk and cobra crown.

The halo of Jesus, seen in many paintings, has similarities to a parhelion.

Mosaic of Christ as Sol or Apollo-Helios in Mausoleum M in the pre-4th-century necropolis beneath St. Peter's in the Vatican, which many interpret as representing Christ

Mosaic in the Beth Alpha synagogue, with the Sun represented in the center, surrounded by the twelve zodiac constellations and with the four seasons associated inaccurately with the constellations

The Hindu solar deity Surya being driven across the sky in his chariot

Isis, bearing her solar disk and horns nurses her infant, Horus

The winged sun was an ancient (3rd millennium BC) symbol of Horus, later identified with Ra

Statue of the sun goddess Xihe charioteering the sun, being pulled by a dragon, in Hangzhou

Sun and Immortal Birds Gold Ornament by ancient Shu people. The center is a sun pattern with twelve points around which four birds fly in the same counterclockwise direction, Shang dynasty

Saule is among the most important deities in Baltic mythology and traditions.

Earliest attestation of the Germanic word in the 6th-century Codex Argenteus (Mt 5:34)

God (word)

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Derived from the Proto-Germanic ǥuđán.

KJV of 1611 (Psalms 23:1,2): Occurrence of "LORD" (and "God" in the heading)

Consequently, its capitalized form is not used for multiple gods or when referring to the generic idea of a deity.

Grammatical gender

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Specific form of noun class system, where nouns are assigned with gender categories that are often not related to their real-world qualities.

In the French language, countries can have masculine (green) or feminine (purple) names. Except for certain islands and Mexique, Mozambique, Cambodge and Zimbabwe, the gender depends on whether the country name ends in -e.

In the Polish language, countries can have masculine (blue), feminine (red) or neuter (yellow) names. Countries with plural names are green.

Gender in European languages.
Light blue: no gender system.

Yellow: common/neuter.

Red: masculine/feminine.

Green: animate/inanimate.

Dark blue: masculine/feminine/neuter. Standard Dutch has a three-gender structure, which fell in disuse in the North of the Netherlands but remains very much alive in Flanders and the South of the Netherlands.

Statistical data on the Spanish nouns and names ending in a

Nouns representing humans and deities are considered rational, and other nouns (those representing animals and objects) are treated as nonrational.

Theodicy

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Theodicy means vindication of God.

These religions taught the existence of many gods and goddesses who controlled various aspects of daily life.

Karma

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Action, work, or deed, and its effect or consequences.

Lotus symbolically represents karma in many Asian traditions. A blooming lotus flower is one of the few flowers that simultaneously carries seeds inside itself while it blooms. Seed is symbolically seen as cause, the flower effect. Lotus is also considered as a reminder that one can grow, share good karma and remain unstained even in muddy circumstances.

Shrivatsa or the karmic knot depicted on the chest of the Tirthankara.

It Shoots Further Than He Dreams by John F. Knott, March 1918.

Karma operates as a self-sustaining mechanism as natural universal law, without any need of an external entity to manage them. (absence of the exogenous 'Divine entity' in Jainism)

Euhemerism

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Approach to the interpretation of mythology in which mythological accounts are presumed to have originated from real historical events or personages.

Martin of Braga, in his De correctione rusticorum, wrote that idolatry stemmed from post-deluge survivors of Noah's family, who began to worship the Sun and stars instead of God.